3.4 Coastal Management

Question 1

What are the 4 different approaches to encouraging coastal areas?
Extension: Explain what they are.

Answer 1

• Hold the line
• Managed Retreat
• Advance the line
• Do nothing

Question 2

What are the three factors that are classified in costs of coastal recession?

Answer 2

• Economic i.e relocation, loss of properties examples of housing Farmland businesses and etc.
• Social i.e relocation loss of jobs, health impacts examples stress
• Environmental i.e loss of ecosystems.

Question 3

Which factors are looked at when deciding on which policy to use?

Answer 3

• Economic value of assets that could be protected is looked at, to prevent economic loss and loss of value.
• The technical feasibility of engineering solutions.
• The ecological and cultural value of land.

Question 4

What is cost benefit analysis? (CBA)
What is environmental impact assessment? (EIA)

Answer 4

A cost benefit analysis and environmental Impact Assessment are used to help decision-making of SMPs.

Question 5

What is an integrated coastal zone management?

Answer 5

An ICZM or integrated coastal cell management is a holistic approach that harmonizes policies and decision making.

Question 6

What are the 3 characteristics of ICZM’s?

Answer 6

• The entire coastal zone is managed.
• It recognizes the importance of the coast to livelihoods.
• It recognises that management must be sustainable.

Question 7

What are shoreline management plans?

Answer 7

SMP’s or shoreline management plans are used to manage litoral cells and it is introduced by DEFRA in 1995.

Question 8

What are stakeholders?

Answer 8

An individual or a business that has interests of coastal planning.
However they may have conflicting views on management.

Question 9

Why are mangrove afforestation important?

Answer 9

Mangroves are important in absorbing wave energy and reducing coastal erosion e.g India or Maldives.

Question 10

What are embankments?

Answer 10

Built to protect people from flooding however some people believe they worse in the impacts as they funnel the water.

Question 11

What is soft engineering?

Answer 11

Soft engineering attempts to work with natural processes in order to reduce erosion + flood threats.

Question 12

What are the benefits of soft engineering?

Answer 12

It’s usually less intrusive and cheaper in the long term than hard engineering.

Question 13

What is beach nourishment?

Answer 13

Artificially replenishing the sediment on a beach in order to replace sediment lost by erosion, to enlarge the beach and the increase of amenity value of the beach;

Question 14

What is dune stabilization?

Answer 14

Marram grass planted to stabilize dunes, fences constructed to limit human activity, protects plants and maintains coastal environment.

Question 15

What is hard engineering?

Answer 15

Hard Engineering aims to stop physical processes altogether e.g erosion or mass movement or alter them to protect the coast e.g encouraging the position to create larger beaches.

Question 16

What are the advantages of hard engineering?

Answer 16

• It can be one of solution that could protect a stretch of course for decades.
• It is obvious to people at rest that something is being done to help them

Question 17

Why did disadvantages of hard engineering?

Answer 17

• Usually very expensive and may involve ongoing maintenance costs.
• There’s always a chance that may fail.
• Visually unattractive.
• Needs of ecosystem are usually overlooked.
• Frequently have adverse effects further along the coastline

Question 18

What are groynes?

Answer 18

Vertical timber fences built 90 degrees of the coast which prevent long shoulders and encourage deposition; increase erosion down drift.

Question 19

What are rip rap (rock armor)?

Answer 19

Large builders often used which break up and dissipate wave energy set up it may be deposited between the rocks.

Question 20

What are revetments?

Answer 20

They absorb wave energy, reduce swash distance, encourage infiltration and reduce dune erosion.

Question 21

What are seawalls?

Answer 21

Concrete wall reinforced with steel to provide a barrier against erosion and floods; if reflective can reduce beach volume.

Question 22

What are rock breakwater?

Answer 22

Large builders which force waves to break early to reduce their energy and erosive force, deposition encouraged between break water and beach.

Question 23

What are the 4 factors of sustainable coastal management?

Answer 23

• Managing natural resources.
• Creating alternative livelihoods.
• Educating Communities about that need and how to adapt.
• Monitoring coastal changes and then adapting or mitgating.
• Managing flood risk or relocating if needed.

Question 24

What are the causes in Holderness Coast?

List what causes the coastline being vulnerable.

Answer 24

• The coastline is mainly cliffs made up of soft glacial sands, gravels and boulder as they are easily eroded.
• The coast is very exposed to destructive waves.
• Much of the eroded material is carried out to the sea prvoding very little to no protection.

Question 25

What are the impacts as a result of Holderness Coast?

Answer 25

• Since the Roman times, the coastline has receeded by 4km.
• Many villages & much of the farmland is lost.
• 500,000 tonnes is transported downwards by LSD to spurn head.

Question 26

What is the Holderness Coast?

Answer 26

Located northeast of England and sufffers the fastest rate of erosion in Europe retreating by 1m+ per year.