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Edexcel Geography AS Level > 2.1 Globalization Causes > Flashcards

2.1 Globalization Causes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Globalization?

A

An increasing interdependence and interconnectedness between countries through flows.

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2
Q

What are the types of flow in Globalization?

A
  • Capital
  • Commodities
  • People (tourists & migrants)
  • Information
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3
Q

Why is globalization happening faster in rate?

A

It is a continuous process that has been accelerating recently due to its development in technology, trade & transport.

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4
Q

What is the types of Globalization?

A
  • Economic
  • Social
  • Political
  • Cultural
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5
Q

What is the economic benefit of Globalization?

A
  • The growth of TNC’s accelerates cross-border exchanges of goods
  • ICT supports growth of complex spatial divisions of labor
  • Online markets eg Amazon or ebay
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6
Q

What is the social benefit of Globalization?

A
  • International immigration creates networks of societies
  • Global improvements in education & health
  • Communications through mobile phones, internet, email.
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7
Q

What is the political benefit?

A
  • Trade blocs (eg NAFTA, EU) allows TNCs to work with other companies in neighboring countries.
  • Global concerns of free trade, disaster responses.
  • World Bank, IMF, WTO harmonize economies
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8
Q

What is the cultural side of Globalization?

A
  • Countries becoming more westernized eg Americanization
  • Glocalization and hybridization
  • Ideas & information can be spread easily through social media
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9
Q

What happened during the 20th century of Globalization?

A
  • Advances of transport (aviation)
  • Containerization (cheaper goods)
  • Time-space compression
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10
Q

What happened during the 21th century of Globalization?

A
  • Advances in ICT and mobile communication
  • LEDCs jump out of outdated technology
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11
Q

What happened during the 19th century of Globalization?

A
  • Advances in early transport
  • Emergence of TNCs
  • UK was the world leader in steam power
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12
Q

What is switched-off places by definition?

A
  • Some places that are not affected by globalization as they are “switched off”
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13
Q

What are factors of switched-off places?

A
  • Physical
  • Environmental
  • Social
  • Political
  • Economic
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14
Q

Examples of switched-off places?

A
  • North Korea - a communist dictatorship where people cannot access the internet or move abroad.
  • The Sahel Region - has severe water scarcity which leads to many droughts and famines, and includes some landlocked countries
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15
Q

What are TNCs?
Why are they important?

A
  • Transnational Corporation
  • TNCs are important aspect of globalization as they can have their HQ, production and sales across the globe.
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16
Q

What is offshoring?

A

Manufacturing is based in other countries (ie LEDCs)

17
Q

Outsourcing

A

Contract another company to do work. However it creates sone risks since natural disasters disrupt supply chains.

18
Q

Why glocalization promote globalization?

A

TNCs use this to contribute Globalization where products are adapted to suit the demand the consumers eg McBaguette, France

19
Q

What is the AT Kearney Index?

A

Ranks cities based on business activity, cultural experience and political engagement

20
Q

What is the KOF Index?

A

Ranks countries based on economic, social, poltical and cultural globalization.

21
Q

What is an IGO?
What are the main 3 insititutions?

A

Intergovernmental Organizations to promote free trade policies to encourage FDI.
- WTO
- IMF
- World Bank

22
Q

What is the BRICS group?

A
  • Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
  • Rival of the institutions
  • Set up New Development Bank to rival the World Bank
23
Q

What are the 4 main government policies?

A
  • Free-market liberilization (neoliberlism)
  • Privatization
  • Offering subsidies
  • Encouraging business start-ups
24
Q

What is neoliberilism?

A

Removes restrictions and government intervention in markets, this allows to deregulate and act more freely.

25
Q

What is privatization?

A

Allows government-owned businesses or infrastructure to be sold to private TNCs which gives foreugn investors shares in companies.

26
Q

What is subsidies?

A

To set up in certain areas to attract FDI.

27
Q

Why encouraging business start-ups good?

A
  • Offering low taxes
  • High quality infrastructure
  • Allow companies make more profit
28
Q

What is China’s Open-Door Policy?

A

Allows FDI in SEZs (Special Economic Zones) where labor costs and taxes are low.

29
Q

What are Free trade blocs?

A

Increase interconnections by removing tariffs (trade tax) and quotas to allow free movement of people (eg EU & NAFTA)

Edexcel Geography AS Level (8 decks)

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