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AS Chemistry - Organic > 3.3.5 - Alcohols > Flashcards

3.3.5 - Alcohols Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you get a carboxylic acid from a primary alcohol? x4

A

Oxidation with

  • XS acidified potassium dichromate
  • Under reflux (20 mins)
  • With concentrated H2SO4
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2
Q

How do you get an aldehyde from a primary alcohol? x4

A

Oxidation with

  • Dilute acidified potassium dichromate
  • Gentle heat
  • Little H2SO4
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3
Q

When forming an aldehyde from a primary alcohol, how do you reduce evaporation of the product?

A

Receiver vessel in ice

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4
Q

When forming an aldehyde from a primary alcohol, which substance is left in the reaction vessel and which evaporates off?

A

Evaporates - ethanal (receiver vessel in ice to condense)

In flask - ethanol

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5
Q

What happens to the ions in potassium dichromate when an alcohol is oxidised?

A

Orange dichromate ions (V)

-> GREEN chromium ions (III)

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6
Q

Give the molecular formula of ethanol

A

C2H5OH

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7
Q

Uses of ethanol? x5

A
  • Solvent in cosmetics
  • Drug manufacturing
  • Detergents
  • Inks
  • Alcoholic drinks
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8
Q

Two ways of producing ethanol?

A

Hydration of ethene and fermentation of glucose

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9
Q

What type of reaction occurs with the fermentation of glucose to ethanol?

A

Anaerobic respiration

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10
Q

How do you convert ethene to ethanol?

A

Pressure + phosphoric
Acid (catalyst)
Steam
Heat (high temp)

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11
Q

What temperature does the fermentation reaction of glucose occur at?

A

35 degrees C (as to not denature yeast enzymes)

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12
Q

State the equation for the fermentation reaction of glucose

A

C6H12O6 (aq) —yeast—> 2C2H5OH (aq)+ 2CO2 (g)

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13
Q

Crude oil versus glucose: compare renewability

A

Crude oil: non-renewable

Glucose: renewable

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14
Q

Crude oil versus glucose: compare rate of reaction

A

Crude oil: fast

Glucose: slow

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15
Q

Crude oil versus glucose: compare type of process

A

Crude oil: continuous

Glucose: batch

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16
Q

Crude oil versus glucose: compare purity of product

A

Crude oil: pure

Glucose: requires distillation (15% conc. ethanol)

17
Q

How do you convert ethanol into ethene? x4 (Name and 3x conditions)

A

Elimination reaction

  • Concentrated H2SO4
  • Hot
  • In XS
18
Q

Nomenclature for compounds with the -OH group?

A
  • OH is highest priority group: suffix -ol

- OH is lower priority group: prefix hydroxy-

19
Q

Functional group of alcohols?

A

-OH

20
Q

General formula of alcohols?

A

C2H2n+1OH

21
Q

Difference between primary/secondary/tertiary alcohols?

A

Primary - carbon next to -OH has one R-group
Secondary - carbon next to -OH has two R-groups
Tertiary - carbon next to -OH has three R-groups

22
Q

Bond angle in C-OH bond?

A

105 degrees (repulsion from 2x lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen)

23
Q

Bond name in C-OH bond?

A

Trigonal pyramidal

24
Q

Do alcohols have higher/lower/the same boiling points as alkanes of the same mass? Why?

A

Higher - hydrogen bonding can occur due to oxygen and hydrogen in -OH functional group; hydrogen bonding is strongest intermolecular force, whereas only IMF in alkanes is van der Waal forces (weaker); more energy required to overcome H-bond between alcohol molecules; higher bpt

25
Q

Why are shorter chain alcohols more soluble in water?

A

The -OH group is dominant, so H-bonds form between the alcohol and water molecules. With longer hydrocarbon chains, the hydrocarbon chain is dominant over the -OH, so H-bonds do not form

26
Q

Where does glucose come from in the production of ethanol?

A

Sugar beet/cane

27
Q

Catalyst for the fermentation of glucose to ethanol?

A

Yeast! (yeast, baby)

28
Q

A dehydrated alcohol forms _______ isomers

A

E/Z isomers (alkene product)

29
Q

E/Z isomerism is a form of what?

A

Stereoisomerism

30
Q

Primary alcohols oxidise to _____ then ______

A

Primary alcohols oxidise to ALDEHYDES then CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

31
Q

Functional group of aldehydes?

A

-CO (carbonyl group) at end of carbon chain

32
Q

Functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

33
Q

Secondary alcohols oxidise to _____

A

Ketones

34
Q

Tertiary alcohols oxidise to _____

A

Nowt

35
Q

Functional group of ketones?

A

-CO (carbonyl group) at middle of carbon chain

36
Q

Describe the Tollen’s Reagent test

A 
Ag+ + e- -> Ag(s) 
Silver mirror test
AgNO3 in aqueous ammonia - gentle oxidising agent
Warm
Aldehydes - Yes
Ketones - No
37
Q

Describe the Fehling’s Solution test

A 
Cu2+ +e- -> Cu+
Blue solution (aq) -> Brick red ppt (s)
Gentle oxidising agent
Warm
Aldehydes - Yes
Ketones - No

AS Chemistry - Organic (7 decks)

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