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Chemistry > 3.3.1 Intro to Organic Chem > Flashcards

3.3.1 Intro to Organic Chem Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

What does ‘‘saturated’’ mean?

A

Contain single carbon-carbon bonds only

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3
Q

What does ‘‘unsaturated’’ mean?

A

Contains C=C double bond

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4
Q

What does a molecular formula tell you?

A

The actual number of each type of atom

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5
Q

What does an empirical formula tell you?

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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6
Q

What is a general formula?

A

Algebraic formula for a homologous series

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7
Q

What does the structural formual show you?

A

Shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

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8
Q

What does the displayed formula show you?

A

All the covalent bonds and atoms present in a molecule

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9
Q

What does a skeletal formula show you?

A

The carbon skeleton and the associated functional groups of an organic compound

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10
Q

What is the order of priority for naming functional groups?

A

Carboxylic acids > aldehydes > keytones > alcohols > alkenes > halogenoalkanes

  1. Carboxylic Acids / Aldehydes / Keytones
  2. Alcohols
  3. Alkenes
  4. Haloalkanes
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11
Q

What are the differnet functional groups?

A

1) Alkanes
2) Alkenes
3) Alcohols - OH
4) Halogenoalkanes - Cl/Br/I
5) Aldehydes - COH
6) Ketones - CO
7) Carboxylic Acids - COOH
8) Esters - COO

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12
Q

What’s the shape around the carbon atom in saturated hydrocarbons?

A

Tetrahedral

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13
Q

What is a functional group?

A

An atom or group of atoms which, when present in different molecules, causes them to have similar chemical properties.

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14
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

Homologous series are families of organic compounds with the same functional group and the same general formula

➤ They show a gradual change in physical properties
➤ Each member differs by CH2 from the last
➤ Same Chemical Properties

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15
Q

What are the 5 first alkyl groups? General formula?

A

methyl
ethyl
propyl
butyl
pentyl

CnH2n+1

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16
Q

3 Rules of Syntax for Nomenclature

A
  1. Words are separated by numbers with dashes
  2. Numbers are separated by commas
  3. If there is more than one side chain, go in alphabetical order
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17
Q

How do you add a suffix? e.g for an alcohol, or alkene

A
  1. If the suffix begins with a vowel, e.g -ol, then remove an e.
  2. If it begins with a consonant, do not remove the e- from the stem.
18
Q

Naming Alkenes - A Summary (4 points)

A
  1. Use the lower number of the two for the position of the double bond
  2. Names may include E or Z to show the type of stereoisomer
  3. If more than one double bond is present, suffix is diene or triene
  4. The suffix -en can go in front of other suffixes. e.g 2-bromobut-3-en-1-ol
19
Q

Naming Halogenoalkanes - A Summary

A
  1. Use prefixes -fluoro -chloro -bromo -iodo
  2. Multiple side chains are listed in alphabetical order
  3. Low priority
20
Q

Naming Alcohols - A Summary

A
  1. ending -ol
  2. position is between the name stem and the -ol
  3. higher priority than alkenes and haloalkanes
  4. becomes a hydroxy- if there’s another functional group with higher priority
21
Q

Naming Aldehydes - A Summary

A
  1. Aldehydes are COH
  2. End in -al
  3. Always on the first carbon of the chain
  4. Very high priority
22
Q

Naming Ketones - A Summary

A
  1. end in one
  2. only need the number position when there are 5Cs or more in a chain
23
Q

Naming Carboxylic Acids - A Summary

A
  1. -oic acids
  2. Always at the end of the chain
  3. If there are carboxylic acids on both ends, it’s called a dioic acid
24
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

25
Q

What are the 3 types of structural isomerism?

A
  1. Chain isomerism
  2. Position isomerism
  3. Functional group isomerism
26
Q

What are chain isomers?

A

Same molecular formula, different structures of the carbon skeleton such that it’s more branched

27
Q

What are position isomers?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but with the same functional group positioned differently on the carbon skeleton

28
Q

What are functional group isomers?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arranged to give different functional groups

29
Q

What are the matching pairs for functional group isomers?

A
  1. Aldehydes + Keytones
  2. Alkenes + Cycloalkanes
  3. Ester + Carboxylic ACids
30
Q

What is reforming?

A

The formation of a cyclic compound, through the use of a platinum catalyst

31
Q

What is the purpose of reforming?

A

The cyclic compounds are easier to burn, hence make better fuels.

32
Q

Give the general equation for a reformation reaction

A

Alkane ➤ Cycloalkane + H2

33
Q

What is stereoisomerism?

A

Stereoisomers have the same structural formulae but different spacial arrangement of atoms

34
Q

Explain how E-Z isomers arise. MS [2]

A

➤ there is restricted rotation around the C=C double bond
➤ there are two different groups/atoms attached to both ends of the double bond

35
Q

How do you identify the priority group in an e-z isomer?

A

The atom with the bigger atomic number

36
Q

How do you name E-Z isomers?

A
  1. Determine the priority groups on both sides of the double bond
  2. If the priority atom is on the same size, it is labelled Z
  3. If the priority group is on the opposite site, it is labelled E
37
Q

How does E-Z stereoisomerism effect physical properties?

A

They can have differing melting and boiling points.

For instance, depending on the position of certain electronegative atoms, it can actually make a molecule polar or non polar. Polar molecules have a higher melting point since IM forces are both VDW and permanent dipole dipole.

38
Q

What is meant by heating under reflux? [2]

A

-Boiling a mixture
-And condensing / cooling the vapour to return it back to the reaction mixture

39
Q

Each homologous series has its own general formula. State two other characteristics of an homologous series: MS [2]

A

-React in the same way since they are chemically similar
-Differ by CH2
-Have a trend in physical properties that gradually changes

40
Q

Define saturated: MS [1]

A

Single bonds only

41
Q

Explain how the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) priority rules can be used to deduce the full IUPAC name of this compound. [6]

GOOGLE DOC

A

-Consider the groups joined to the right hand carbon of the C=C bond
-Consider the atomic number of the atoms attached
-C has a higher atomic number than H, therefore CH2OH has a higher priority than H
-Consider the groups joined to the left hand carbon of the C=C bond
-Both groups contain C atoms, so consider atoms one bond further away
-C from ethyl group has a higher atomic number than H from methyl group, so ethyl takes priority
-The highest priority groups, ethyl and CH2OH, are on the same side of the C=C bond so the isomer is Z
-Therefore, the name is Z-3-methylpent-2-en-1-ol

Chemistry (18 decks)

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