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Pmcol 343 > 3.3 Sex Hormones > Flashcards

3.3 Sex Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are gonads?

A

Organs that produce sex hormones and gametes

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2
Q

The female gonad is the ___ and the male gonad is the ___

A

Ovary, testicle

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3
Q

What are the male sex hormones?

A

Testosterone and DHT

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4
Q

What are the female sex hormones?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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5
Q

Which part of the pituitary is used in sex hormones?

A

Anterior/adenohypophysis

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6
Q

GnRH is released from the ____ neurons in the ___

A

Hypothalamus parvocellular neurons

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7
Q

T/F: The HPG axis is the same in men and women

A

True

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8
Q

Estrogens are synthesized by the ___

A

Ovary, placeta, adrenal cortex, etc

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9
Q

What is the main active estrogen?

A

Estradiol (E2, 17B estradiol)

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10
Q

E1 and E3 are formed in the __

A

Liver

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11
Q

E4 is formed in the ___

A

Fetal liver only

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12
Q

Progesterone is excreted by the ____ in nonpregnant women and ____

A

Corpus luteum, <10 weeks pregnant women

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13
Q

The major products of the ovary follicles are ___

A

E1 and E2

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14
Q

What is E1?

A

Estrone

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15
Q

What is E2?

A

Estradiol

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16
Q

What are the major products of the corpus luteum?

A

Progesterone and 17a hydroxyprogesterone

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17
Q

What is inhibin?

A

Ovary peptide hormone that suppresses FSH production

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18
Q

What is activin?

A

Ovary peptide hormone that enhances FSH release and action

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19
Q

Where is inhibin produced?

A

Ovary granulosa cells and pituitary gonadotrophs

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20
Q

What stimulates inhibin production?

A

FSH and LH

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21
Q

What is the effect of activin on the adenohypophysis?

A

+FSH release

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22
Q

What is the effect of activin on the ovarian follicle?

A

+FSH action

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23
Q

Activin acts on the ___

A

Adenohypophysis and ovary

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24
Q

How are steroids synthesized beyond the ovary?

A

Adrenal gland (and ovary) –> androstenedione –> E1 –> E2

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25
Q

Androstenedione —?–> ?

A

Aromatase, E1

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26
Q

E1 –?–> E2

A

17B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

27
Q

Increase in E2 is associated with…

A

Breast cancer, endometrial cancer, endometriosis

28
Q

T/F: FSH and LH exert negative feedback on the hypothalamus

A

False

29
Q

T/F: Estrogen and progesterone exert negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary

A

True

30
Q

What makes up the ovarian follicle?

A

Ovum, granulosa and theca cells

31
Q

What are all the developmental stages of the ovarian folicle?

A
  1. Primordial: single layer of granulosa + oocyte
  2. Primary: many-layer granulosa + oocyte secretes zona pellucida
  3. Secondary: final granulosa and oocyte growth + theca interna and externa on outside
  4. Tertiary: thicker theca + antrum appears
  5. Graafian: gonadotropins = rapid growth, ready for ovulation
32
Q

Which phase of the ovarian follicle secretes zona pellucida?

A

Primary follicle (step 2), released by oocyte

33
Q

What is the antrum?

A

Fluid-filled space in granulosa cells appearing the the tertiary ovarian follicle

34
Q

What is ovulation?

A

The release of the mature oocyte from the follicle and ovary

35
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

The remnants of granulosa and theca cells in the postovulatory follicle

36
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A

Ovarian scar left after the corpus luteum dies

37
Q

What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. Follicular (10-14 days)
  2. Ovulation
  3. Luteal (14 days)
    Cycle around 28 days
38
Q

What triggers ovulation?

A

Surge of LH

39
Q

How long until the corpus luteum become the corpus albicans?

A

14 days (luteal phase)

40
Q

Where are FSH receptors located?

A

Granulosa cells ONLY

41
Q

Where are LH receptors located?

A

Theca cells

42
Q

What is the two cell - two gonadotropin model?

A

Granulosa + theca cells, FSH + LH

43
Q

Androstenedione is released by ___

A

Theca cells

44
Q

LH receptors cause release of ___

A

Androgens

45
Q

FSH receptors cause…

A

Androgens –> estrogens conversion

46
Q

What constitutes the early follicular phase?

A

Day 0 - 5
Led by granulosa cells
Activin secretion = +FSH, -androgen
Follicle growth

47
Q

What constitutes the late follicular phase?

A

Day 5 - 14
Led by granulosa cells of dominant follicle
Inhibin secretion = -FSH, +androgen (estrogen)
+LH receptors prepare for ovulation

48
Q

How is the luteal phase regulated?

A

Progesterone + estrogen synthesis = negative feedback on H and P

49
Q

What are the phases of the uterine cycle?

A
  1. Menstruation: -progesterone
  2. Proliferation: +estrogen, mucous
  3. Secretion: +progesterone, death
50
Q

Which ER type is the most active?

A

ERa homodimer > ERaB heterodimer > ERB homodimer

51
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on the myometrium?

A

Contraction, thickness

52
Q

What are the effects of estrogen on the binding proteins?

A

Increase globulins

53
Q

What is the effect of estrogen on the kidney?

A

Salt and water retention

54
Q

What is the effect of estrogen on plasma lipids?

A

Good things:
+HDL
-LDL

55
Q

What do antiestrogens do?

A

Inhibit estrogen synthesis by inhibiting aromatases

56
Q

What do SERMs do?

A

Modulator - positive or negative effects
Prevent in breast, promote in bone

57
Q

What do SERDs do?

A

Prevent ER signalling via degradation of the ER

58
Q

What do PROTACs do?

A

Induce degradation of the ER

59
Q

What is anastrozole?

A

Antiestrogen, best treatment of breast cancer

60
Q

What is clomiphene citrate?

A

SERM that blocks ERs in H and PW

61
Q

What is the MOA in clomiphene citrate?

A

Reduce negative feedback on H and P, increasing everything and stimulating ovulation

62
Q

What is tamoxifen?

A

SERM prodrug antagonist on breast tissue (treat breast cancer), agonist on bone and uterus, endoxifen active metabolite

63
Q
A

Pmcol 343 (8 decks)

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