3.3 Organisms exchange substances with their environment - Mass Transport in Animals Flashcards
1
Q
What are haemoglobins?
A
A group of proteins found in different organisms
2
Q
What is the structure of haemoglobin?
A
Quaternary structure
3
Q
What do haemoglobin and red blood cells transport?
A
Oxygen
4
Q
What does the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve represent?
A
Variations in loading, transport, and unloading of oxygen
5
Q
What is the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen?
A
The ability of haemoglobin to attract or bind to oxygen
6
Q
Define saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen
A
When haemoglobin is holding the maximum amount of oxygen it can bind
7
Q
What is loading/association of haemoglobin?
A
The binding of oxygen to haemoglobin
8
Q
What is unloading/dissociation of haemoglobin?
A
When oxygen detaches or unbinds from haemoglobin
9
Q
Fill in the blank: The binding of oxygen to haemoglobin is known as _______.
A
Loading/association
10
Q
Fill in the blank: When oxygen is released from haemoglobin, this process is called _______.
A
Unloading/dissociation
11
Q
What is the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve?
A
It shows how oxygen is loaded in regions with a high partial pressure of oxygen and unloaded in regions of low partial pressure of oxygen.
12
Q
In which regions is oxygen loaded and unloaded?
A
- Loaded in alveoli (high partial pressure of oxygen)
- Unloaded in respiring tissues (low partial pressure of oxygen)
13
Q
What does ‘partial pressure’ refer to in the context of oxygen transport?
A
The pressure exerted by oxygen in a mixture of gases.
14
Q
Define cooperative binding in relation to haemoglobin.
A
The affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen changes depending on how many oxygen molecules are already associated with it.
15
Q
How many oxygen molecules can haemoglobin associate with?
A
Four oxygen molecules.
16
Q
What happens to the shape of haemoglobin as oxygen molecules bind?
A
The shape changes, making the binding of further oxygen molecules easier.
17
Q
Where does haemoglobin readily load with oxygen in humans?
A
In the alveoli, where there is a high partial pressure of oxygen.
18
Q
What is the Bohr effect?
A
A phenomenon where a high concentration of carbon dioxide causes the oxyhaemoglobin curve to shift to the right.
19
Q
What causes the affinity for oxygen to decrease in the Bohr effect?
A
The acidic nature of the carbon dioxide changes the shape of haemoglobin slightly.
20
Q
True or False: The affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen is higher in areas with low partial pressure of oxygen.
A
False.
21
Q
Fill in the blank: The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve illustrates the relationship between _______ and the loading/unloading of oxygen.
A
partial pressure of oxygen.
22
Q
What is the Bohr effect?
A
The phenomenon where the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases in respiring tissues due to a decrease in pH from carbon dioxide forming carbonic acid
23
Q
What happens when carbon dioxide dissolves in liquid?
A
Carbonic acid forms, leading to a decrease in pH and a change in the shape of hemoglobin
24
Q
How does the Bohr effect benefit respiring tissues?
A
It allows hemoglobin to deliver oxygen effectively to respiring cells for aerobic respiration
25
What is the relationship between partial pressure of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
High partial pressure of carbon dioxide at respiring tissues decreases affinity (curve shifts right); low partial pressure in alveoli increases affinity (curve shifts left)
26
What does a leftward shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve indicate?
Increased affinity for oxygen and therefore more oxygen loading
27
What does a rightward shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve indicate?
Decreased affinity for oxygen and therefore more oxygen unloading
28
Name an animal that possesses myoglobin.
Lugworms, whales, or human fetuses
29
What is the primary function of myoglobin?
To act as an oxygen store with a very high affinity for oxygen, even at low partial pressures
30
Fill in the blank: Myoglobin has a very high affinity for oxygen, even at very low _______.
partial pressures
31
True or False: Myoglobin dissociates from oxygen readily.
False
32
What type of haemoglobin do llamas have?
A type with a higher affinity for oxygen
33
Why do llamas have a higher affinity for oxygen?
To load oxygen onto haemoglobin despite low partial pressure
34
What is the effect of high altitude on atmospheric pressure?
There is a lower partial pressure of oxygen
35
Which animals require more oxygen for respiration due to their fast metabolism?
Fast-moving rodents or birds
36
Fill in the blank: Animals with ______ metabolism need more oxygen for respiration.
fast
37
What is necessary for contracting muscles during respiration?
More oxygen
38
What are the key terms related to mass transport in animals?
* High altitude
* Fast metabolism
* Higher affinity
* Lower affinity
* Respiration
39
True or False: Llamas can effectively load oxygen onto their haemoglobin at high altitudes.
True
40
What does the saturation of haemoglobin indicate?
The amount of oxygen bound to haemoglobin
41
What type of circulatory system do mammals have?
A closed, double circulatory system
## Footnote
This system ensures efficient blood flow and gas exchange.
42
What does 'closed' mean in the context of the circulatory system?
The blood remains within the blood vessels
## Footnote
This prevents blood from leaking into surrounding tissues.
43
What is the purpose of the double circulatory system in mammals?
It allows blood to pass through the heart twice in each circuit
## Footnote
This includes one circuit for the lungs and another for the rest of the body.
44
Why does blood flow through the lungs at a lower pressure?
To prevent damage to the capillaries in the alveoli and reduce speed for gas exchange
## Footnote
Lower pressure allows for effective oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
45
What happens to oxygenated blood after it leaves the lungs?
It goes back through the heart to be pumped out at a higher pressure to the rest of the body
## Footnote
This ensures oxygen reaches all respiring cells.
46
Fill in the blank: The circulatory system in mammals is a _______ circulatory system.
double
## Footnote
This system is essential for efficient transport of oxygen and nutrients.
47
True or False: The circulatory system in mammals is open.
False
## Footnote
Mammals have a closed circulatory system.
48
List the two circuits in the mammalian circulatory system.
* Blood to the lungs
* Blood to the rest of the body
## Footnote
These circuits facilitate gas exchange and nutrient delivery.
49
What is the significance of high pressure in the systemic circuit?
It ensures that blood reaches all the respiring cells in the body
## Footnote
High pressure is necessary for effective circulation throughout the body.
50
What are the major blood vessels in the circulatory system that need to be named?
Coronary arteries, vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, renal artery, renal vein
## Footnote
These vessels are associated with the heart, lungs, and kidneys.
51
What does the term 'pulmonary' refer to?
Lungs
## Footnote
The term is used to describe blood vessels related to the lungs.
52
What does the term 'renal' refer to?
Kidneys
## Footnote
The term is used to describe blood vessels related to the kidneys.
53
What is the function of arteries in the circulatory system?
Carry blood Away from the heart
## Footnote
'A' for Away helps remember this function.
54
What is the function of veins in the circulatory system?
Carry blood back into the heart
## Footnote
'V' for Veins and 'IN' helps remember this function.
55
What connects arterioles to capillaries?
Arterioles
## Footnote
Arterioles are smaller than arteries and connect to the capillaries.
56
What connects capillaries to venules?
Capillaries
## Footnote
Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules.
57
Fill in the blank: The _______ are smaller than arteries and connect to the capillaries.
Arterioles
58
List the components of the circulatory system mentioned.
* Arteries
* Arterioles
* Capillaries
* Venules
* Veins
## Footnote
These components work together to transport blood throughout the body.
59
True or False: The pulmonary vein carries blood away from the lungs.
False
## Footnote
The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood back to the heart from the lungs.
60
What is the function of the thicker muscular layer in arteries?
To control the volume of blood through constriction and dilation
## Footnote
Arteries need to manage blood flow due to higher pressure compared to veins.
61
Why do veins have a relatively thin muscular layer?
They cannot control the flow of blood
## Footnote
Veins operate under lower pressure, which allows for a thinner wall structure.
62
What is the purpose of the thicker elastic layer in arteries?
To help maintain blood pressure
## Footnote
The elastic layer allows arteries to stretch and recoil with the heartbeat.
63
How does the elastic layer in veins compare to that in arteries?
Veins have a relatively thin elastic layer
## Footnote
This is due to the lower blood pressure in veins.
64
What structural feature helps prevent arteries from bursting?
Thicker walls
## Footnote
The thicker walls of arteries withstand high pressure within the vessels.
65
What structural advantage do veins have due to their thin walls?
They can be easily flattened, aiding blood flow to the heart
## Footnote
This feature assists in the return of blood up against gravity.
66
What is the role of valves in veins?
To prevent the backflow of blood
## Footnote
Valves ensure blood only flows down pressure gradients, assisting in its return to the heart.
67
What are capillary beds, and why are they significant?
They are many-branched capillaries at exchange surfaces that slow blood flow
## Footnote
Slowing blood flow maximizes diffusion efficiency.
68
What is the diameter of capillaries, and why is it important?
Narrow diameter
## Footnote
This allows red blood cells to fit through and maximizes diffusion by shortening the pathway.
69
Fill in the blank: Arteries have a thicker _______ than veins to manage blood pressure.
elastic layer
## Footnote
The thicker elastic layer is crucial for maintaining arterial pressure.
70
True or False: The walls of veins are thicker than those of arteries.
False
## Footnote
Arteries have thicker walls to withstand higher pressure than veins.
71
What is the structure and function of blood vessels summarized in?
A table
## Footnote
The table includes details about muscular layer, elastic layer, valves, pressure, and their roles in blood transport.
72
What is thicker in arteries compared to veins to allow constriction and dilation?
Muscular layer
## Footnote
This thickness helps control the volume of blood in arteries.
73
What layer in arteries helps maintain blood pressure?
Elastic layer
## Footnote
The elastic layer allows walls to stretch and recoil in response to the heartbeat.
74
What is the primary function of valves in veins?
Restrict blood flow into the capillaries
## Footnote
Valves prevent backflow of blood in veins.
75
What is the characteristic of capillaries regarding muscle and elastic layers?
No muscle layer and no elastic layer
## Footnote
This allows for easy diffusion and exchange of materials.
76
What is the composition of tissue fluid?
Water, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, ions, and oxygen
## Footnote
Tissue fluid surrounds cells and facilitates the exchange of substances.
77
What is the purpose of tissue fluid?
To enable the delivery of useful molecules to cells and to move waste into the bloodstream
## Footnote
This process helps in the removal of waste from the body.
78
True or False: The wall of arteries is thicker than veins.
True
## Footnote
The thicker walls in arteries are necessary to withstand higher pressures.
79
Fill in the blank: Tissue fluid is the liquid which surrounds _______.
cells
## Footnote
This fluid is essential for nutrient delivery and waste removal.
80
What characteristic of capillaries aids in material exchange?
One cell thick
## Footnote
This thinness minimizes the diffusion distance for exchanging materials.
81
What happens to the pressure in veins compared to arteries?
It is lower
## Footnote
This lower pressure is why veins have thinner walls.
82
What is the term for the pressure that drives fluid out of capillaries?
Hydrostatic pressure
## Footnote
Hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by the fluid within the capillary walls.
83
What process describes the movement of water and small molecules out of capillaries?
Ultrafiltration
## Footnote
Ultrafiltration occurs due to high hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries.
84
What is the term for the potential energy of water in a system?
Water potential
## Footnote
Water potential is influenced by solute concentration and pressure.
85
What is the process by which water moves across a semipermeable membrane?
Osmosis
## Footnote
Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
86
What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?
Exchange of substances
## Footnote
Capillaries allow for the exchange of water, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues.
87
What happens to red blood cells and large proteins in the capillaries?
They remain within the capillaries
## Footnote
Red blood cells and large proteins cannot pass through the small gaps in the capillary walls.
88
What causes the high hydrostatic pressure in capillaries?
Narrow diameter of arterioles
## Footnote
The smaller diameter of arterioles increases the pressure as blood enters the capillaries.
89
Fill in the blank: Water is reabsorbed back into the capillaries at the venule end by _______.
osmosis
90
What happens to hydrostatic pressure as blood moves from arterioles to venules?
It decreases
## Footnote
Hydrostatic pressure decreases due to the loss of liquid as blood moves through the capillaries.
91
What effect do large molecules in capillaries have on water potential?
They lower water potential
## Footnote
The presence of proteins in the capillaries creates a lower water potential, encouraging water reabsorption.
92
What is formed from the fluid that exits capillaries?
Tissue fluid
## Footnote
Tissue fluid surrounds cells and provides them with nutrients and oxygen.
93
True or False: All components of blood can pass through capillary walls.
False
## Footnote
Only liquid and small molecules can pass through; larger components like red blood cells are too big.
94
What is the function of lymphatic vessels in relation to tissue fluid?
Transport lymph
## Footnote
Lymphatic vessels collect excess tissue fluid and return it to the circulatory system.
95
What is the liquid transferred to the lymphatic system called?
Lymph
## Footnote
Lymph eventually drains back into the bloodstream near the heart.
96
What is the primary function of coronary arteries?
Supply the cardiac muscle with oxygenated blood
## Footnote
Coronary arteries branch off from the aorta.
97
What unique property does cardiac muscle have?
Myogenic
## Footnote
Cardiac muscle can contract and relax without nervous or hormonal stimulation.
98
True or False: Cardiac muscle can fatigue.
False
## Footnote
Cardiac muscle never fatigues as long as it has an adequate supply of oxygen.
99
What happens if coronary arteries become blocked?
Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
## Footnote
Blockage prevents oxygen supply to cardiac muscle, leading to cell death.
100
Fill in the blank: The walls of the heart have a thick ______ layer.
Muscular
## Footnote
This muscular layer is essential for the heart's function.
101
What is the significance of mitochondria in cardiac muscle?
Provides energy for contraction
## Footnote
Mitochondria are crucial for aerobic respiration in cardiac cells.
102
What is equilibrium in the context of tissue fluid absorption?
Reached when not all liquid is reabsorbed by osmosis
## Footnote
Some tissue fluid is absorbed into the lymphatic system.
103
What is the function of the left ventricle?
Pumps blood to the rest of the body at a higher pressure
## Footnote
This ensures blood reaches all cells in the body.
104
Why does the left ventricle have a thicker muscular wall compared to the right ventricle?
To enable larger contractions of the muscle to create a higher pressure
105
What are the four major blood vessels connected to the heart?
* Aorta
* Pulmonary artery
* Vena cava
* Pulmonary vein
106
What is the function of the vena cava?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium
107
What does the pulmonary vein carry?
Oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
108
What is the function of the pulmonary artery?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
109
What does the aorta do?
Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body
110
Fill in the blank: The _____ carries deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium.
vena cava
111
Fill in the blank: The _____ carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
pulmonary vein
112
True or False: The left ventricle pumps blood at a lower pressure than the right ventricle.
False
113
What type of blood does the pulmonary artery carry?
Deoxygenated blood
114
What type of blood does the aorta carry?
Oxygenated blood
115
What are the four valves found inside the heart?
* Semilunar valves
* Atrioventricular (AV) valves
* Bicuspid valve
* Tricuspid valve
## Footnote
The semilunar valves are located in the aorta and pulmonary artery, while the AV valves are located between the atria and ventricles.
116
What is the function of the semilunar valves?
Prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles
## Footnote
The semilunar valves open when the pressure is higher in the ventricle compared to the arteries.
117
What is the role of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?
Prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria
## Footnote
The AV valves open when the pressure is higher in the atria compared to the ventricles.
118
What is the bicuspid valve also known as?
Left atrioventricular valve
## Footnote
It is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
119
What is the tricuspid valve also known as?
Right atrioventricular valve
## Footnote
It is located between the right atrium and right ventricle.
120
How do valves open and close?
Valves open if pressure is higher behind them and close if pressure is higher in front
## Footnote
This mechanism ensures proper blood flow direction.
121
What is the function of the septum in the heart?
Separates the right and left sides of the heart
## Footnote
This separation maintains a high concentration of oxygen in the oxygenated blood.
122
What is cardiac output?
Volume of blood leaving one ventricle in one minute
## Footnote
It is calculated using the formula: Cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume.
123
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
Cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume
## Footnote
Where heart rate is beats per minute and stroke volume is the volume of blood per beat.
124
What is the heart rate?
Beats of the heart per minute
## Footnote
It is a measure of how often the heart beats.
125
What does stroke volume refer to?
Volume of blood that leaves the heart each beat (dm3)
## Footnote
It is a key component in determining cardiac output.
126
What are the three stages of the cardiac cycle?
Diastole, Atrial systole, Ventricular systole
## Footnote
The cardiac cycle describes the sequence of events in the heart during one complete heartbeat.
127
What occurs during diastole?
The atria and ventricular muscles are relaxed, allowing blood to enter the atria via the vena cava and pulmonary vein.
## Footnote
This stage increases pressure within the atria as blood flows in.
128
What happens during atrial systole?
The atrial muscular walls contract, increasing pressure and causing atrioventricular valves to open, allowing blood to flow into the ventricles.
## Footnote
The ventricular muscular walls are relaxed during this phase.
129
What is the main event during ventricular systole?
The ventricle muscular walls contract, increasing pressure beyond that of the atria, causing atrioventricular valves to close and semilunar valves to open.
## Footnote
Blood is then pushed out of the ventricles into the arteries.
130
During which phase do the atrioventricular valves open?
Atrial systole
## Footnote
This occurs as the atria contract and push blood into the ventricles.
131
True or False: Blood is pushed out of the ventricles during diastole.
False
## Footnote
Blood is pushed out during ventricular systole.
132
Fill in the blank: The pressure in the ventricles increases during _______.
Ventricular systole
## Footnote
This increase in pressure is what causes the semilunar valves to open.
133
What happens to the semilunar valves during ventricular systole?
They open
## Footnote
This allows blood to be ejected into the pulmonary artery and aorta.
134
What is the relationship between atrial pressure and ventricular pressure during contraction?
Ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure during ventricular systole.
## Footnote
This pressure difference is crucial for proper blood flow.
135
What is the significance of the atrioventricular valves closing?
Prevents backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction.
## Footnote
This ensures that blood flows in the correct direction.
136
What is the primary function of blood vessels linked to the heart?
Transport oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
## Footnote
Includes the aorta, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary vein, and coronary arteries.
137
How many chambers does the heart have?
Four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
## Footnote
Each chamber plays a distinct role in the circulation of blood.
138
What phenomenon describes the cooperative nature of oxygen binding to hemoglobin?
The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
## Footnote
This curve illustrates how hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen changes with varying levels of oxygen concentration.
139
What effect does carbon dioxide have on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
Decreases affinity due to shape change
## Footnote
The increase in carbon dioxide concentration alters hemoglobin's structure, reducing its ability to bind oxygen.
140
What are the three key stages of the cardiac cycle?
Atrial systole, ventricular systole, and diastole
## Footnote
These stages involve changes in pressure and volume within the heart chambers.
141
Fill in the blank: The coronary arteries supply the _______ with oxygenated blood.
heart muscle
## Footnote
Essential for maintaining the heart's energy needs for contraction and relaxation.
142
True or False: The structure and function of capillaries are linked to gas exchange in the alveoli.
True
## Footnote
Capillaries facilitate the exchange of gases between blood and alveolar air.
143
What happens in regions with low partial pressure of oxygen?
Oxygen is released from hemoglobin
## Footnote
This occurs in respiring tissues where oxygen demand is high.
144
What is the significance of the Bohr effect?
Shifts the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right
## Footnote
This indicates decreased affinity for oxygen in response to increased carbon dioxide levels.
145
What is ultrafiltration in the nephron of the kidney linked to?
The structure and function of capillaries
## Footnote
Capillaries play a crucial role in filtering blood to form urine.
146
What is the role of energy in cardiac muscle function?
Required for continuous contraction and relaxation
## Footnote
Energy is necessary for the heart to maintain its rhythmic activity.
