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Biology > 3.2.1 Cells - structure, methods to study cells > Flashcards

3.2.1 Cells - structure, methods to study cells Flashcards

1
Q

what are differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes are larger

eukaryotes have a true nucleus, prokaryotes don’t

eukaryotes have membrane bound organelle

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2
Q

cell surface membrane structure

A

found in all cells

phospholipid bilayer - molecules embedded within and attached on the outside (proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol)

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3
Q

cell surface membrane function

A

controls the entrance and exit of molecules

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4
Q

nucleus structure

A

nuclear envelope - double membrane

nuclear pores

nucleoplasm - granular, jelly like material

chromosomes - protein bound, linear DNA

nucleolus - smaller sphere in the nucleoplasm which is the site of rRNA production and ribosome synthesis

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5
Q

nucleus function

A

site of DNA replication and transcription

contains the genetic code for each cell

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6
Q

mitochondria structure

A

double membrane

an inner membrane called the cristae

the fluid center called the mitochondrial matrix

contains 70S ribosomes and circular DNA

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7
Q

mitochondria function

A

site of aerobic respiration and ATP production

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8
Q

chloroplast function

A

site of photosynthesis

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9
Q

chloroplast structure

A

surrounded by a double membrane

contains thylakoids (folded membranes embedded with pigment)

the fluid filled stroma contains enzymes for photosynthesis

found in plants

contains 70s ribosomes and circular DNA

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10
Q

golgi apparatus and vesicles structure

A

folded membranes making cisternae

secretory vesicles pinch off from the cisternae

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11
Q

golgi apparatus and vesicles function

A

transport, modify and store proteins and lipids produced by the RER and SER

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12
Q

lysosomes structure

A

bags of digestive enzymes - can contain 50 different enzymes

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13
Q

lysosomes function

A

hydrolyse pathogens in phagosomes

completely break down dead cells

exocytosis - release enzymes outside the cell to destroy material

digest worn out organelles for reuse of materials

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14
Q

ribosome structure

A

small granules made up of two sub units of proteins and rRNA

80S - large ribosome found in eukaryotic cells

70S - smaller ribosomes found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts

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15
Q

ribosome function

A

the site of protein synthesis

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16
Q

RER function

A

protein synthesis

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17
Q

RER structure

A

have folded membranes called cisternae

have ribosomes on the cisternae

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18
Q

SER function

A

synthesises and stores lipids and carbohydrates

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19
Q

SER structure

A

have folded membranes called cisternae

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20
Q

cell wall structure

A

in plants and fungal cells

plants - made of microfibrils of the cellulose polymer

fungi - made of chitin

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21
Q

cell wall function

A

provides structural strength to the cell

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22
Q

vacuole structure

A

filled with fluid surrounded by a single membrane called a tonoplast

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23
Q

vacuole function

A

makes cells turgid and therefore provides support

temporary store of sugars and amino acids

the pigments are responsible for coloured petals which attract pollinators

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24
Q

what does a capsule do?

A

provides protection from other cells and helps bacteria stick together

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25
Q

what are the 3 main adaptations of specialised cells?

A

large surface area

high number of mitochondria

lots of RER and golgi

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26
Q

what are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

the cells are much smaller

no membrane bound organelles i.e. mitochondria

smaller ribosomes - 70S

a cell wall made of murein - unlike plant cell wall made of cellulose

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27
Q

what type of ribosomes do bacterial cells contain?

A

smaller ribosomes that are 70S rather than 80S

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28
Q

what are prokaryotic cell walls made from?

A

do not contain cellulose or chitin

made of a glycoprotein called murein

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29
Q

what are the three additional features that bacteria can also contain?

A

plasmids - rings of DNA containing genes linked to survival such as antibiotic resistance

capsule - provides protection from other cells and helps bacteria agglutinate (stick together)

flagella - used for locomotion

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30
Q

what type of microscope is an optical microscope?

A

light microscope

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31
Q

what type of microscope is a scanning or transmission microscope?

A

electron microscope

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32
Q

how is an image created in a light microscope?

A

a beam of light is condensed to form an image

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33
Q

what type of lens is used to condense the beam of light in a light microscope?

A

a glass lens

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34
Q

why does a light microscope have a poorer resolution?

A

due to having a longer wavelength

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35
Q

can light microscopes view living samples?

A

yes

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36
Q

does a light microscope have a lover magnification than an electron microscope?

A

yes

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37
Q

what colour images are produced from a light microscope?

A

coloured not black and white

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38
Q

how is an image created in an electron microscope?

A

a beam of electrons is condensed to create the image

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39
Q

what is used to condense the beam in an electron microscope?

A

electromagnets

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40
Q

why does an electron microscope have a higher resolving power?

A

they have a shorter wavelength

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41
Q

does an electron microscope have a higher magnification then a light microscope?

A

yes

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42
Q

what colour images do electron microscopes produce?

A

black and white

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43
Q

what does the sample have to be like in an electron microscope?

A

must be in a vacuum and therefore non-living

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44
Q

why do light microscopes have poor resolution?

A

due to the long wavelength of light

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45
Q

what are not visible in a light microscope?

A

small organelle

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46
Q

why must samples be in a vacuum in an electron microscope?

A

the electrons are absorbed by air

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47
Q

what is the equation for magnification?

A

image divided by the actual

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48
Q

what should you always measure the image size in when calculating magnification?

A

millimeters

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49
Q

how do you convert from millimeter to micrometer (um)?

A

times by 1000

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50
Q

how do you convert from micrometer (um) to nanometer (nm)?

A

times by 1000

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51
Q

what can the eyepiece graticule be used to measure?

A

to measure the size of objects you are viewing under the microscope.

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52
Q

what do you have to do with the eyepiece every time you change the objective lens?

A

calibrate the eyepiece to work out what the distance is between each division at that magnification.

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53
Q

what is used to calibrate the eyepiece graticule?

A

A stage micrometer

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54
Q

what is stage micrometer?

A

This is a glass slide with a scale on it which you place on the stage.

The scale on the stage micrometer is typically 2mm long and
the sub-divisions are 10µm apart

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55
Q

what are the steps for studying cells using calibration?

A

Step 1 - Line up the stage micrometer and eyepiece graticule whilst looking through the eyepiece.

Step 2 – Count how many divisions on the eyepiece graticule fit into one division on the micrometer scale.

Step 3 – Each division on the micrometer is 10µm, so this can be used to calculate what one division on the eyepiece graticule is at that current magnification

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56
Q

what are cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation used to break down?

A

Cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation are used to break down
cells and remove organelles so that they can be studied.

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57
Q

how are cells separated in cell fractionation?

A

is done using a homogeniser (blender)

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58
Q

what must the solution be during homogenisation?

A

cold

isotonic

buffered

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59
Q

why must the solution be cold during homogenisation?

A

cells must be kept in a solution that is cold to reduce enzyme activity to prevent the breakdown of cell components.

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60
Q

why must the solution be isotonic during homogenisation?

A

to prevent any movement of water by osmosis which could result in organelles shrivelling or bursting.

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61
Q

why must the solution be buffered during homogenisation?

A

to resist pH changes

this is to prevent damage to organelles and enzymes.

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62
Q

why must the solution be filtered after being broken up?

A

Once the cell has been broken open the solution must be filtered to remove larger pieces of debris.

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63
Q

what is the homogenate solution ready for after being filtered?

A

ready to be centrifuged

the solution is placed into a centrifuge which spins at high speed to separate organelles depending on their density due to the centrifugal force

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64
Q

what does the supernatant contain after one spin?

A

supernatant after the first spin at low speed- pellet
contains the nuclei

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65
Q

what does the supernatant contain after the second spin?

A

supernatant after the second spin at medium speed pellet contains mitochondria and chloroplasts (if a plant cell)

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66
Q

what does the supernatant contain after the third spin?

A

supernatant after the third spin at high speed- pellet
contains lysosomes and SER/RER.

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67
Q

what does the supernatant contain after the fourth spin?

A

supernatant after the fourth spin at very high speed- the
pellet contains ribosomes

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68
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

A method used to break down cells and remove organelles for study

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69
Q

What equipment is used for homogenisation?

A

Homogeniser (blender)

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70
Q

Why must the solution be cold during homogenisation?

A

To reduce enzyme activity and prevent breakdown of cell components

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71
Q

What is the purpose of using an isotonic solution in cell fractionation?

A

To prevent movement of water by osmosis, avoiding organelle shrivelling or bursting

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72
Q

What does it mean for a solution to be buffered?

A

It resists pH changes to prevent damage to organelles and enzymes

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73
Q

What is the first step after breaking open the cell?

A

Filter the solution to remove larger pieces of debris

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74
Q

What is the purpose of centrifugation in cell fractionation?

A

To separate organelles based on their density

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75
Q

What is the supernatant after the first spin at low speed?

A

It contains the nuclei

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76
Q

What organelles are found in the pellet after the second spin at medium speed?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts (if a plant cell)

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77
Q

What is separated in the pellet after the third spin at high speed?

A

Lysosomes and SER/RER

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78
Q

What is contained in the pellet after the fourth spin at very high speed?

A

Ribosomes

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79
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of breaking down cells to study organelles is called _______.

A

[cell fractionation]

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80
Q

True or False: The homogenate solution is immediately ready for centrifugation after homogenisation.

A

False

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81
Q

What is a stage micrometer?

A

A glass slide with a scale used to calibrate the eyepiece graticule

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82
Q

What is the typical length of the scale on a stage micrometer?

A

2mm long

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83
Q

What is the distance between sub-divisions on a stage micrometer?

A

10um

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84
Q

Step 1 in calibrating the eyepiece graticule involves _______.

A

lining up the stage micrometer and eyepiece graticule

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85
Q

In Step 2 of calibration, what do you count?

A

how many divisions on the eyepiece graticule fit into one division on the micrometer scale

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86
Q

If 20 divisions of the eyepiece graticule fit into 10 divisions of the micrometer, how many divisions fit into one division of the micrometer?

A

2 divisions

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87
Q

How do you calculate the size of one division on the eyepiece graticule?

A

10um / 2 = 5um

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88
Q

What is the length of the nucleus measured in divisions?

A

13 divisions long

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89
Q

What is the actual length of the nucleus in micrometers?

A

65um

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90
Q

Fill in the blank: Each division on the micrometer is _______.

A

10um

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91
Q

True or False: The eyepiece graticule is calibrated to measure the size of cells or organelles.

A

True

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92
Q

What is the formula to calculate image size in microscopy?

A

Image size = Actual size x Magnification

This is often used to determine the dimensions of microscopic structures.

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93
Q

How can you calculate the magnification of an image?

A

Magnification = Image size / Actual size

All units must be the same for accurate calculations.

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94
Q

What must be done to the units when calculating magnification?

A

All units must be the same

For example, converting mm to µm or vice versa may be necessary.

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95
Q

How do you convert millimetres to micrometres?

A

Multiply by 1000

1 mm = 1000 µm.

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96
Q

What is an eyepiece graticule?

A

A scale on a glass disc inside optical microscopes

It is used to measure the size of objects viewed under the microscope.

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97
Q

What must be done to the eyepiece graticule when changing objective lenses?

A

Calibrate the eyepiece

This recalibration is necessary to measure distances accurately at different magnifications.

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98
Q

Fill in the blank: The formula for magnification can also be expressed as _______.

A

Magnification = Image size / Actual size

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99
Q

True or False: The eyepiece graticule can be used without calibration when changing magnification.

A

False

Calibration is required each time the objective lens is changed.

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100
Q

What happens to the distance between divisions on the eyepiece graticule when magnification changes?

A

It changes and requires recalibration

Different objective lenses provide different levels of magnification, affecting the scale.

101
Q

List the units in order from largest to smallest: metre, millimetre, micrometre, nanometre.

A
  • Metre (m)
  • Millimetre (mm)
  • Micrometre (µm)
  • Nanometre (nm)
102
Q

What is the resolution limitation of light microscopes?

A

Poor resolution due to the long wavelength of light

103
Q

What type of samples can be examined using an optical microscope?

A

Living samples

104
Q

What type of image is obtained from an optical microscope?

A

Coloured image

105
Q

Why must samples be in a vacuum for electron microscopes?

A

Electrons are absorbed by air

106
Q

What type of specimens can be examined using electron microscopes?

A

Non-living specimens

107
Q

What is a key characteristic of images produced by electron microscopes?

A

Black and white images

108
Q

What is the purpose of staining specimens in Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM)?

A

To enhance visibility

109
Q

Describe the image produced by a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM).

A

2D image showing detailed internal structure of cells

110
Q

What is the main difference between Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM)?

A

TEM requires thin specimens; SEM does not

111
Q

How does a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) produce images?

A

Electrons are beamed onto the surface and scattered

112
Q

What type of image does a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) produce?

113
Q

Fill in the blank: Light microscopes can examine _______ samples.

114
Q

Fill in the blank: In a Transmission Electron Microscope, a beam of _______ passes through the specimen.

115
Q

True or False: Electron microscopes can be used to view living specimens.

116
Q

What is the primary method used to study the internal structure of cells?

A

Microscopes, cell fractionation, ultracentrifugation

These methods allow for the visualization and analysis of cellular components.

117
Q

What are the three key types of microscopes?

A

Optical microscopes, transmission electron microscopes, scanning electron microscopes

Each type has unique features and applications in studying cells.

118
Q

Define magnification in the context of microscopy.

A

How many times larger the image is compared to the object.

119
Q

Define resolution in microscopy.

A

The minimum distance between two objects in which they can still be viewed as separate.

120
Q

What determines the resolution in an optical microscope?

A

The wavelength of light.

121
Q

What determines the resolution in an electron microscope?

A

The wavelength of the beam of electrons.

122
Q

What is a key characteristic of an optical microscope?

A

Uses a beam of light to create the image.

123
Q

What is a key characteristic of an electron microscope?

A

Uses a beam of electrons to create the image.

124
Q

What is the resolution comparison between optical and electron microscopes?

A

Optical microscopes have poorer resolution; electron microscopes have higher resolving power.

125
Q

What is the typical magnification capability of an optical microscope?

A

Lower magnification.

126
Q

What is the typical magnification capability of an electron microscope?

A

Higher magnification.

127
Q

What type of images do optical microscopes produce?

A

Black and white images.

128
Q

What type of images do electron microscopes produce?

A

Coloured images.

129
Q

Can living samples be viewed with an optical microscope?

130
Q

Can living samples be viewed with an electron microscope?

A

No, the sample must be in a vacuum and therefore non-living.

131
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Rings of DNA containing genes linked to survival such as antibiotic resistance

Plasmids are often used in genetic modification.

132
Q

What role does a capsule play in bacteria?

A

Provides protection from other cells and helps bacteria agglutinate

Agglutination refers to the sticking together of bacterial cells.

133
Q

What are flagella used for in bacteria?

A

Locomotion

134
Q

What are viruses characterized as?

A

Non-living and acellular

135
Q

What are the components of viruses?

A

Genetic material, a capsid, and attachment proteins

136
Q

What additional feature does HIV have?

A

A lipid envelope with attachment proteins

This envelope helps HIV identify which host cells to enter.

137
Q

List the key differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

A
  • Prokaryotic cells are much smaller
  • Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organelles
  • Prokaryotic cells have smaller ribosomes
  • Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus
  • Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall made of murein
138
Q

What type of cell wall do eukaryotic cells have?

A

Made of cellulose or chitin

139
Q

True or False: Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.

140
Q

Fill in the blank: Prokaryotic cells have _____ ribosomes.

141
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Cells that are much smaller, lack membrane-bound organelles, and have no nucleus

Prokaryotic cells include bacteria and archaea.

142
Q

List key differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

A
  • Smaller size
  • No membrane-bound organelles
  • Smaller ribosomes
  • No nucleus
143
Q

What is murein?

A

A glycoprotein that makes up the cell wall of prokaryotic cells

Murein is also known as peptidoglycan.

144
Q

What type of ribosomes do prokaryotic cells contain?

A

70S ribosomes

Eukaryotic cells contain 80S ribosomes.

145
Q

Where is the DNA located in prokaryotic cells?

A

In the cytoplasm as a single circular molecule

The DNA in prokaryotic cells is not associated with histone proteins.

146
Q

What is the composition of prokaryotic cell walls?

A

Made of murein (peptidoglycan)

They do not contain cellulose or chitin.

147
Q

Fill in the blank: Prokaryotic cells do not have a _______.

148
Q

True or False: Prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.

149
Q

What is the function of fimbrae in prokaryotic cells?

A

Attachment to surfaces

Fimbrae are hair-like structures that help bacteria adhere to host tissues.

150
Q

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells?

A

Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell

151
Q

Fill in the blank: Bacterial cells are key examples of _______ cells.

A

prokaryotic

152
Q

What is the structure of the cell wall in plant cells?

A

Made of microfibrils of the cellulose polymer

Cellulose provides structural support to the cell

153
Q

What is the structure of the cell wall in fungal cells?

A

Made of chitin, a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide

Chitin provides structural strength in fungal cells

154
Q

What is the primary function of the cell wall?

A

Provides structural strength to the cell

155
Q

What is the tonoplast?

A

The single membrane surrounding the cell vacuole

156
Q

What is the main function of the cell vacuole?

A

Makes cells turgid and provides support, temporary store of sugars and amino acids, and contains pigments for attracting pollinators

157
Q

Fill in the blank: The cell vacuole is filled with fluid surrounded by a _______.

158
Q

What components are found in the primary cell wall?

A
  • Pectin
  • Cellulose
  • Hemicellulose
  • Soluble Protein
159
Q

True or False: The cell vacuole is only responsible for storing pigments.

A

False

The vacuole also stores sugars and amino acids and helps maintain turgidity

160
Q

What are ribosomes made up of?

A

Two sub-units of protein and rRNA

161
Q

What is the size of the large ribosome found in eukaryotic cells?

A

80S (25nm)

162
Q

What is the size of the smaller ribosome found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria, and chloroplasts?

163
Q

What is the primary function of ribosomes?

A

The site of protein synthesis

164
Q

What does RER stand for?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

165
Q

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Protein synthesis

166
Q

What does SER stand for?

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

167
Q

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Synthesizes and stores lipids and carbohydrates

168
Q

What structural feature do both Rough and Smooth ER have?

A

Folded membranes called cisternae

169
Q

What distinguishes Rough ER from Smooth ER?

A

Rough ER has ribosomes on the cisternae

170
Q

Fill in the blank: Ribosomes are composed of _______ and rRNA.

171
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Folded membranes making cisternae

Cisternae are the flattened membrane-bound compartments that make up the Golgi apparatus.

172
Q

What are secretory vesicles?

A

Vesicles that pinch off from the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus

Secretory vesicles transport materials to the cell surface for exocytosis.

173
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Add carbohydrates to proteins, produce secretory enzymes, secrete carbohydrates, transport, modify and store lipids, form lysosomes

The Golgi apparatus is crucial for processing and packaging macromolecules.

174
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The process by which vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell

This mechanism is essential for the secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters.

175
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The chemical process of breaking down compounds by adding water

Hydrolysis is vital for digestion and cellular metabolism.

176
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Bags of digestive enzymes that can contain 50 different enzymes

Lysosomes play a key role in breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.

177
Q

What is autolysis?

A

The process by which dead cells are completely broken down

Autolysis is a form of self-digestion that occurs in dying cells.

178
Q

What is the role of lysosomes in phagocytosis?

A

Hydrolyse pathogens in phagosomes and digest worn-out organelles

This process helps in immune response and cellular recycling.

179
Q

Fill in the blank: The Golgi apparatus produces _______ that transport materials to the cell surface.

A

secretory vesicles

180
Q

True or False: The Golgi apparatus is involved in labeling molecules to reach their destination.

181
Q

What are the components involved in the Golgi apparatus’ transport system?

A

Cisternae, transport vesicles, and secretory vesicles

These components work together to modify, package, and transport proteins and lipids.

182
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum produce?

A

Secretory enzymes

The rough ER is studded with ribosomes, which synthesize proteins.

183
Q

What is the cis face of the Golgi apparatus?

A

The side that receives vesicles from the rough endoplasmic reticulum

The cis face is involved in the initial processing of proteins.

184
Q

What is the trans face of the Golgi apparatus?

A

The side that ships vesicles to the plasma membrane

The trans face is responsible for exporting finished products.

185
Q

Fill in the blank: The plasma membrane is involved in _______ to release enzymes outside of the cell.

A

exocytosis

186
Q

What is the function of receptors in lysosomes?

A

Facilitate the recognition and binding of substrates

Receptors ensure that lysosomes target the correct materials for digestion.

187
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria?

A

Double membrane, inner membrane called cristae, mitochondrial matrix

Mitochondria also contain 70S ribosomes and circular DNA.

188
Q

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production

ATP synthase particles are involved in the process.

189
Q

What are the components of the mitochondrial structure?

A

Intermembrane space, matrix, cristae, ribosome, granules

Mitochondria have both an inner and outer membrane.

190
Q

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

A

Surrounded by a double membrane, contains thylakoids and stroma

Thylakoids are folded membranes embedded with pigment.

191
Q

What is the primary function of chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis

Chloroplasts contain enzymes for photosynthesis in the stroma.

192
Q

What components are found in chloroplasts?

A

Thylakoids, stroma, granum, plastoglobule, ribosome

Chloroplasts also contain 70S ribosomes and circular DNA.

193
Q

Fill in the blank: Mitochondria contain _______ and circular DNA.

A

70S ribosomes

194
Q

True or False: Chloroplasts are found in animal cells.

A

False

Chloroplasts are found in plant cells.

195
Q

What is the fluid-filled space within chloroplasts called?

196
Q

What is the significance of cristae in mitochondria?

A

Increases surface area for ATP production

197
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the site of aerobic respiration in mitochondria.

198
Q

What is the function of thylakoids in chloroplasts?

A

Site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

199
Q

What are the two membranes surrounding chloroplasts called?

A

Outer membrane and inner membrane

200
Q

What is the structure that controls the entrance and exit of molecules in cells?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

The phospholipid bilayer is found in all cells and consists of molecules embedded within and attached on the outside, including proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol.

201
Q

What are the two types of proteins associated with the phospholipid bilayer?

A
  • Peripheral protein
  • Integral protein

Integral proteins include globular proteins and alpha-helix proteins, while peripheral proteins are associated on the surface.

202
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a jelly-like material found within the nucleus.

A

Nucleoplasm

203
Q

What are the main functions of the nucleus?

A
  • Site of DNA replication
  • Site of transcription (making mRNA)
  • Contains the genetic code for each cell

The nucleus is essential for genetic information processing and storage.

204
Q

True or False: The nuclear envelope consists of a single membrane.

A

False

The nuclear envelope is a double membrane structure.

205
Q

What are the structures found within the nucleus?

A
  • Nuclear Envelope
  • Nuclear Pores
  • Nucleoplasm
  • Chromosomes
  • Nucleolus

Each of these structures plays a specific role in the function and organization of the nucleus.

206
Q

What is the role of the nucleolus?

A

Site of RNA production and ribosome synthesis

The nucleolus is a smaller sphere located within the nucleoplasm.

207
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ are protein-bound, linear DNA structures found in the nucleus.

A

Chromosomes

208
Q

What are the components of the cell-surface membrane?

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Cholesterol

These components work together to maintain the integrity and functionality of the cell membrane.

209
Q

What type of protein is a protein channel classified as?

A

Transport protein

210
Q

What is the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin?

A
  • Heterochromatin: densely packed, inactive DNA
  • Euchromatin: loosely packed, active DNA

This distinction is important for understanding gene expression and DNA accessibility.

211
Q

What are the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of a phospholipid molecule?

A
  • Hydrophilic heads
  • Hydrophobic tails
212
Q

What is the function of the cell-surface membrane?

A

Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

The cell-surface membrane is selectively permeable.

213
Q

What organelle is responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells?

A

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.

214
Q

Fill in the blank: The organelle responsible for photosynthesis is the _______.

A

[Chloroplast]

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which captures light energy.

215
Q

What is the primary function of the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material and controls cell activities

The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope.

216
Q

List the two types of endoplasmic reticulum.

A
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Rough ER is involved in protein synthesis, while smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis.

217
Q

True or False: Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis.

A

True

Ribosomes can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

218
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Digestive organelles that break down waste materials and cellular debris

Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes.

219
Q

What structure provides support and protection to plant cells?

A

Cell wall

The cell wall is primarily made of cellulose.

220
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a large organelle that stores materials and helps maintain turgor pressure in plant cells.

A

[Vacuole]

Vacuoles can also store nutrients and waste products.

221
Q

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles

The Golgi apparatus works closely with the endoplasmic reticulum.

222
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

Channels that allow communication and transport between plant cells

Plasmodesmata connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells.

223
Q

What is the tonoplast?

A

Membrane surrounding the vacuole in plant cells

The tonoplast regulates the movement of ions and molecules in and out of the vacuole.

224
Q

Name the membrane system involved in the synthesis of lipids.

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth ER lacks ribosomes, making it smooth in appearance.

225
Q

What organelle is involved in the packaging and transport of proteins?

A

Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

226
Q

True or False: Peroxisomes are involved in lipid metabolism and the detoxification of harmful substances.

A

True

Peroxisomes contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and detoxify hydrogen peroxide.

227
Q

What is the function of thylakoid membranes?

A

Site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Thylakoids are found within chloroplasts.

228
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a dense region within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is produced.

A

[Nucleolus]

The nucleolus is crucial for ribosome assembly.

229
Q

What are the two types of cells you must learn about?

A

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

230
Q

Which type of cell is larger and contains DNA in a nucleus?

A

Eukaryotic cells

231
Q

What type of organisms are made up of eukaryotic cells?

A

Animals, plants, and fungi

232
Q

What is the basic unit of life that can perform all life processes?

233
Q

What are organisms made up of that contain a range of organs?

A

Organ systems

234
Q

What are organs made up of?

235
Q

What are specialised cells with similar structures and functions organized into?

236
Q

Fill in the blank: Eukaryotic cells are part of complex _______ organisms.

A

multicellular

237
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

It protects the cell and controls what enters and leaves.

238
Q

What is the main function of the mitochondrion?

A

Energy production

239
Q

True or False: The nucleus contains the DNA in prokaryotic cells.

240
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

241
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for processing and packaging proteins.

A

Golgi apparatus

242
Q

List three components found in an animal cell.

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
243
Q

What is the role of the vacuole in eukaryotic cells?

A

Storage of substances

244
Q

What type of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

245
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ helps in the detoxification of drugs and poisons.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

246
Q

What is a lysosome’s primary function?

A

Digestion of waste materials

247
Q

What is the term for the jelly-like substance inside the cell?

248
Q

What structure is responsible for organizing microtubules in the cell?

A

Centrosome

Biology (13 decks)

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