3.2.1 Cells - structure, methods to study cells Flashcards
what are differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
eukaryotes are larger
eukaryotes have a true nucleus, prokaryotes don’t
eukaryotes have membrane bound organelle
cell surface membrane structure
found in all cells
phospholipid bilayer - molecules embedded within and attached on the outside (proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol)
cell surface membrane function
controls the entrance and exit of molecules
nucleus structure
nuclear envelope - double membrane
nuclear pores
nucleoplasm - granular, jelly like material
chromosomes - protein bound, linear DNA
nucleolus - smaller sphere in the nucleoplasm which is the site of rRNA production and ribosome synthesis
nucleus function
site of DNA replication and transcription
contains the genetic code for each cell
mitochondria structure
double membrane
an inner membrane called the cristae
the fluid center called the mitochondrial matrix
contains 70S ribosomes and circular DNA
mitochondria function
site of aerobic respiration and ATP production
chloroplast function
site of photosynthesis
chloroplast structure
surrounded by a double membrane
contains thylakoids (folded membranes embedded with pigment)
the fluid filled stroma contains enzymes for photosynthesis
found in plants
contains 70s ribosomes and circular DNA
golgi apparatus and vesicles structure
folded membranes making cisternae
secretory vesicles pinch off from the cisternae
golgi apparatus and vesicles function
transport, modify and store proteins and lipids produced by the RER and SER
lysosomes structure
bags of digestive enzymes - can contain 50 different enzymes
lysosomes function
hydrolyse pathogens in phagosomes
completely break down dead cells
exocytosis - release enzymes outside the cell to destroy material
digest worn out organelles for reuse of materials
ribosome structure
small granules made up of two sub units of proteins and rRNA
80S - large ribosome found in eukaryotic cells
70S - smaller ribosomes found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts
ribosome function
the site of protein synthesis
RER function
protein synthesis
RER structure
have folded membranes called cisternae
have ribosomes on the cisternae
SER function
synthesises and stores lipids and carbohydrates
SER structure
have folded membranes called cisternae
cell wall structure
in plants and fungal cells
plants - made of microfibrils of the cellulose polymer
fungi - made of chitin
cell wall function
provides structural strength to the cell
vacuole structure
filled with fluid surrounded by a single membrane called a tonoplast
vacuole function
makes cells turgid and therefore provides support
temporary store of sugars and amino acids
the pigments are responsible for coloured petals which attract pollinators
what does a capsule do?
provides protection from other cells and helps bacteria stick together
what are the 3 main adaptations of specialised cells?
large surface area
high number of mitochondria
lots of RER and golgi
what are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
the cells are much smaller
no membrane bound organelles i.e. mitochondria
smaller ribosomes - 70S
a cell wall made of murein - unlike plant cell wall made of cellulose
what type of ribosomes do bacterial cells contain?
smaller ribosomes that are 70S rather than 80S
what are prokaryotic cell walls made from?
do not contain cellulose or chitin
made of a glycoprotein called murein
what are the three additional features that bacteria can also contain?
plasmids - rings of DNA containing genes linked to survival such as antibiotic resistance
capsule - provides protection from other cells and helps bacteria agglutinate (stick together)
flagella - used for locomotion
what type of microscope is an optical microscope?
light microscope
what type of microscope is a scanning or transmission microscope?
electron microscope
how is an image created in a light microscope?
a beam of light is condensed to form an image
what type of lens is used to condense the beam of light in a light microscope?
a glass lens
why does a light microscope have a poorer resolution?
due to having a longer wavelength
can light microscopes view living samples?
yes
does a light microscope have a lover magnification than an electron microscope?
yes
what colour images are produced from a light microscope?
coloured not black and white
how is an image created in an electron microscope?
a beam of electrons is condensed to create the image
what is used to condense the beam in an electron microscope?
electromagnets
why does an electron microscope have a higher resolving power?
they have a shorter wavelength
does an electron microscope have a higher magnification then a light microscope?
yes
what colour images do electron microscopes produce?
black and white
what does the sample have to be like in an electron microscope?
must be in a vacuum and therefore non-living
why do light microscopes have poor resolution?
due to the long wavelength of light
what are not visible in a light microscope?
small organelle
why must samples be in a vacuum in an electron microscope?
the electrons are absorbed by air
what is the equation for magnification?
image divided by the actual
what should you always measure the image size in when calculating magnification?
millimeters
how do you convert from millimeter to micrometer (um)?
times by 1000
how do you convert from micrometer (um) to nanometer (nm)?
times by 1000
what can the eyepiece graticule be used to measure?
to measure the size of objects you are viewing under the microscope.
what do you have to do with the eyepiece every time you change the objective lens?
calibrate the eyepiece to work out what the distance is between each division at that magnification.
what is used to calibrate the eyepiece graticule?
A stage micrometer
what is stage micrometer?
This is a glass slide with a scale on it which you place on the stage.
The scale on the stage micrometer is typically 2mm long and
the sub-divisions are 10µm apart
what are the steps for studying cells using calibration?
Step 1 - Line up the stage micrometer and eyepiece graticule whilst looking through the eyepiece.
Step 2 – Count how many divisions on the eyepiece graticule fit into one division on the micrometer scale.
Step 3 – Each division on the micrometer is 10µm, so this can be used to calculate what one division on the eyepiece graticule is at that current magnification
what are cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation used to break down?
Cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation are used to break down
cells and remove organelles so that they can be studied.
how are cells separated in cell fractionation?
is done using a homogeniser (blender)
what must the solution be during homogenisation?
cold
isotonic
buffered
why must the solution be cold during homogenisation?
cells must be kept in a solution that is cold to reduce enzyme activity to prevent the breakdown of cell components.
why must the solution be isotonic during homogenisation?
to prevent any movement of water by osmosis which could result in organelles shrivelling or bursting.
why must the solution be buffered during homogenisation?
to resist pH changes
this is to prevent damage to organelles and enzymes.
why must the solution be filtered after being broken up?
Once the cell has been broken open the solution must be filtered to remove larger pieces of debris.
what is the homogenate solution ready for after being filtered?
ready to be centrifuged
the solution is placed into a centrifuge which spins at high speed to separate organelles depending on their density due to the centrifugal force
what does the supernatant contain after one spin?
supernatant after the first spin at low speed- pellet
contains the nuclei
what does the supernatant contain after the second spin?
supernatant after the second spin at medium speed pellet contains mitochondria and chloroplasts (if a plant cell)
what does the supernatant contain after the third spin?
supernatant after the third spin at high speed- pellet
contains lysosomes and SER/RER.
what does the supernatant contain after the fourth spin?
supernatant after the fourth spin at very high speed- the
pellet contains ribosomes
What is cell fractionation?
A method used to break down cells and remove organelles for study
What equipment is used for homogenisation?
Homogeniser (blender)
Why must the solution be cold during homogenisation?
To reduce enzyme activity and prevent breakdown of cell components
What is the purpose of using an isotonic solution in cell fractionation?
To prevent movement of water by osmosis, avoiding organelle shrivelling or bursting
What does it mean for a solution to be buffered?
It resists pH changes to prevent damage to organelles and enzymes
What is the first step after breaking open the cell?
Filter the solution to remove larger pieces of debris
What is the purpose of centrifugation in cell fractionation?
To separate organelles based on their density
What is the supernatant after the first spin at low speed?
It contains the nuclei
What organelles are found in the pellet after the second spin at medium speed?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts (if a plant cell)
What is separated in the pellet after the third spin at high speed?
Lysosomes and SER/RER
What is contained in the pellet after the fourth spin at very high speed?
Ribosomes
Fill in the blank: The process of breaking down cells to study organelles is called _______.
[cell fractionation]
True or False: The homogenate solution is immediately ready for centrifugation after homogenisation.
False
What is a stage micrometer?
A glass slide with a scale used to calibrate the eyepiece graticule
What is the typical length of the scale on a stage micrometer?
2mm long
What is the distance between sub-divisions on a stage micrometer?
10um
Step 1 in calibrating the eyepiece graticule involves _______.
lining up the stage micrometer and eyepiece graticule
In Step 2 of calibration, what do you count?
how many divisions on the eyepiece graticule fit into one division on the micrometer scale
If 20 divisions of the eyepiece graticule fit into 10 divisions of the micrometer, how many divisions fit into one division of the micrometer?
2 divisions
How do you calculate the size of one division on the eyepiece graticule?
10um / 2 = 5um
What is the length of the nucleus measured in divisions?
13 divisions long
What is the actual length of the nucleus in micrometers?
65um
Fill in the blank: Each division on the micrometer is _______.
10um
True or False: The eyepiece graticule is calibrated to measure the size of cells or organelles.
True
What is the formula to calculate image size in microscopy?
Image size = Actual size x Magnification
This is often used to determine the dimensions of microscopic structures.
How can you calculate the magnification of an image?
Magnification = Image size / Actual size
All units must be the same for accurate calculations.
What must be done to the units when calculating magnification?
All units must be the same
For example, converting mm to µm or vice versa may be necessary.
How do you convert millimetres to micrometres?
Multiply by 1000
1 mm = 1000 µm.
What is an eyepiece graticule?
A scale on a glass disc inside optical microscopes
It is used to measure the size of objects viewed under the microscope.
What must be done to the eyepiece graticule when changing objective lenses?
Calibrate the eyepiece
This recalibration is necessary to measure distances accurately at different magnifications.
Fill in the blank: The formula for magnification can also be expressed as _______.
Magnification = Image size / Actual size
True or False: The eyepiece graticule can be used without calibration when changing magnification.
False
Calibration is required each time the objective lens is changed.
What happens to the distance between divisions on the eyepiece graticule when magnification changes?
It changes and requires recalibration
Different objective lenses provide different levels of magnification, affecting the scale.
List the units in order from largest to smallest: metre, millimetre, micrometre, nanometre.
- Metre (m)
- Millimetre (mm)
- Micrometre (µm)
- Nanometre (nm)
What is the resolution limitation of light microscopes?
Poor resolution due to the long wavelength of light
What type of samples can be examined using an optical microscope?
Living samples
What type of image is obtained from an optical microscope?
Coloured image
Why must samples be in a vacuum for electron microscopes?
Electrons are absorbed by air
What type of specimens can be examined using electron microscopes?
Non-living specimens
What is a key characteristic of images produced by electron microscopes?
Black and white images
What is the purpose of staining specimens in Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM)?
To enhance visibility
Describe the image produced by a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM).
2D image showing detailed internal structure of cells
What is the main difference between Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM)?
TEM requires thin specimens; SEM does not
How does a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) produce images?
Electrons are beamed onto the surface and scattered
What type of image does a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) produce?
3D image
Fill in the blank: Light microscopes can examine _______ samples.
living
Fill in the blank: In a Transmission Electron Microscope, a beam of _______ passes through the specimen.
electrons
True or False: Electron microscopes can be used to view living specimens.
False
What is the primary method used to study the internal structure of cells?
Microscopes, cell fractionation, ultracentrifugation
These methods allow for the visualization and analysis of cellular components.
What are the three key types of microscopes?
Optical microscopes, transmission electron microscopes, scanning electron microscopes
Each type has unique features and applications in studying cells.
Define magnification in the context of microscopy.
How many times larger the image is compared to the object.
Define resolution in microscopy.
The minimum distance between two objects in which they can still be viewed as separate.
What determines the resolution in an optical microscope?
The wavelength of light.
What determines the resolution in an electron microscope?
The wavelength of the beam of electrons.
What is a key characteristic of an optical microscope?
Uses a beam of light to create the image.
What is a key characteristic of an electron microscope?
Uses a beam of electrons to create the image.
What is the resolution comparison between optical and electron microscopes?
Optical microscopes have poorer resolution; electron microscopes have higher resolving power.
What is the typical magnification capability of an optical microscope?
Lower magnification.
What is the typical magnification capability of an electron microscope?
Higher magnification.
What type of images do optical microscopes produce?
Black and white images.
What type of images do electron microscopes produce?
Coloured images.
Can living samples be viewed with an optical microscope?
Yes.
Can living samples be viewed with an electron microscope?
No, the sample must be in a vacuum and therefore non-living.
What is a plasmid?
Rings of DNA containing genes linked to survival such as antibiotic resistance
Plasmids are often used in genetic modification.
What role does a capsule play in bacteria?
Provides protection from other cells and helps bacteria agglutinate
Agglutination refers to the sticking together of bacterial cells.
What are flagella used for in bacteria?
Locomotion
What are viruses characterized as?
Non-living and acellular
What are the components of viruses?
Genetic material, a capsid, and attachment proteins
What additional feature does HIV have?
A lipid envelope with attachment proteins
This envelope helps HIV identify which host cells to enter.
List the key differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
- Prokaryotic cells are much smaller
- Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organelles
- Prokaryotic cells have smaller ribosomes
- Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus
- Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall made of murein
What type of cell wall do eukaryotic cells have?
Made of cellulose or chitin
True or False: Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.
False
Fill in the blank: Prokaryotic cells have _____ ribosomes.
smaller
What are prokaryotic cells?
Cells that are much smaller, lack membrane-bound organelles, and have no nucleus
Prokaryotic cells include bacteria and archaea.
List key differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
- Smaller size
- No membrane-bound organelles
- Smaller ribosomes
- No nucleus
What is murein?
A glycoprotein that makes up the cell wall of prokaryotic cells
Murein is also known as peptidoglycan.
What type of ribosomes do prokaryotic cells contain?
70S ribosomes
Eukaryotic cells contain 80S ribosomes.
Where is the DNA located in prokaryotic cells?
In the cytoplasm as a single circular molecule
The DNA in prokaryotic cells is not associated with histone proteins.
What is the composition of prokaryotic cell walls?
Made of murein (peptidoglycan)
They do not contain cellulose or chitin.
Fill in the blank: Prokaryotic cells do not have a _______.
nucleus
True or False: Prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.
False
What is the function of fimbrae in prokaryotic cells?
Attachment to surfaces
Fimbrae are hair-like structures that help bacteria adhere to host tissues.
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells?
Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell
Fill in the blank: Bacterial cells are key examples of _______ cells.
prokaryotic
What is the structure of the cell wall in plant cells?
Made of microfibrils of the cellulose polymer
Cellulose provides structural support to the cell
What is the structure of the cell wall in fungal cells?
Made of chitin, a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide
Chitin provides structural strength in fungal cells
What is the primary function of the cell wall?
Provides structural strength to the cell
What is the tonoplast?
The single membrane surrounding the cell vacuole
What is the main function of the cell vacuole?
Makes cells turgid and provides support, temporary store of sugars and amino acids, and contains pigments for attracting pollinators
Fill in the blank: The cell vacuole is filled with fluid surrounded by a _______.
tonoplast
What components are found in the primary cell wall?
- Pectin
- Cellulose
- Hemicellulose
- Soluble Protein
True or False: The cell vacuole is only responsible for storing pigments.
False
The vacuole also stores sugars and amino acids and helps maintain turgidity
What are ribosomes made up of?
Two sub-units of protein and rRNA
What is the size of the large ribosome found in eukaryotic cells?
80S (25nm)
What is the size of the smaller ribosome found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria, and chloroplasts?
70S
What is the primary function of ribosomes?
The site of protein synthesis
What does RER stand for?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Protein synthesis
What does SER stand for?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Synthesizes and stores lipids and carbohydrates
What structural feature do both Rough and Smooth ER have?
Folded membranes called cisternae
What distinguishes Rough ER from Smooth ER?
Rough ER has ribosomes on the cisternae
Fill in the blank: Ribosomes are composed of _______ and rRNA.
[protein]
What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?
Folded membranes making cisternae
Cisternae are the flattened membrane-bound compartments that make up the Golgi apparatus.
What are secretory vesicles?
Vesicles that pinch off from the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus
Secretory vesicles transport materials to the cell surface for exocytosis.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Add carbohydrates to proteins, produce secretory enzymes, secrete carbohydrates, transport, modify and store lipids, form lysosomes
The Golgi apparatus is crucial for processing and packaging macromolecules.
What is exocytosis?
The process by which vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell
This mechanism is essential for the secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters.
What is hydrolysis?
The chemical process of breaking down compounds by adding water
Hydrolysis is vital for digestion and cellular metabolism.
What are lysosomes?
Bags of digestive enzymes that can contain 50 different enzymes
Lysosomes play a key role in breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.
What is autolysis?
The process by which dead cells are completely broken down
Autolysis is a form of self-digestion that occurs in dying cells.
What is the role of lysosomes in phagocytosis?
Hydrolyse pathogens in phagosomes and digest worn-out organelles
This process helps in immune response and cellular recycling.
Fill in the blank: The Golgi apparatus produces _______ that transport materials to the cell surface.
secretory vesicles
True or False: The Golgi apparatus is involved in labeling molecules to reach their destination.
True
What are the components involved in the Golgi apparatus’ transport system?
Cisternae, transport vesicles, and secretory vesicles
These components work together to modify, package, and transport proteins and lipids.
What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum produce?
Secretory enzymes
The rough ER is studded with ribosomes, which synthesize proteins.
What is the cis face of the Golgi apparatus?
The side that receives vesicles from the rough endoplasmic reticulum
The cis face is involved in the initial processing of proteins.
What is the trans face of the Golgi apparatus?
The side that ships vesicles to the plasma membrane
The trans face is responsible for exporting finished products.
Fill in the blank: The plasma membrane is involved in _______ to release enzymes outside of the cell.
exocytosis
What is the function of receptors in lysosomes?
Facilitate the recognition and binding of substrates
Receptors ensure that lysosomes target the correct materials for digestion.
What is the structure of mitochondria?
Double membrane, inner membrane called cristae, mitochondrial matrix
Mitochondria also contain 70S ribosomes and circular DNA.
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production
ATP synthase particles are involved in the process.
What are the components of the mitochondrial structure?
Intermembrane space, matrix, cristae, ribosome, granules
Mitochondria have both an inner and outer membrane.
What is the structure of chloroplasts?
Surrounded by a double membrane, contains thylakoids and stroma
Thylakoids are folded membranes embedded with pigment.
What is the primary function of chloroplasts?
Site of photosynthesis
Chloroplasts contain enzymes for photosynthesis in the stroma.
What components are found in chloroplasts?
Thylakoids, stroma, granum, plastoglobule, ribosome
Chloroplasts also contain 70S ribosomes and circular DNA.
Fill in the blank: Mitochondria contain _______ and circular DNA.
70S ribosomes
True or False: Chloroplasts are found in animal cells.
False
Chloroplasts are found in plant cells.
What is the fluid-filled space within chloroplasts called?
Stroma
What is the significance of cristae in mitochondria?
Increases surface area for ATP production
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the site of aerobic respiration in mitochondria.
matrix
What is the function of thylakoids in chloroplasts?
Site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
What are the two membranes surrounding chloroplasts called?
Outer membrane and inner membrane
What is the structure that controls the entrance and exit of molecules in cells?
Phospholipid bilayer
The phospholipid bilayer is found in all cells and consists of molecules embedded within and attached on the outside, including proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol.
What are the two types of proteins associated with the phospholipid bilayer?
- Peripheral protein
- Integral protein
Integral proteins include globular proteins and alpha-helix proteins, while peripheral proteins are associated on the surface.
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a jelly-like material found within the nucleus.
Nucleoplasm
What are the main functions of the nucleus?
- Site of DNA replication
- Site of transcription (making mRNA)
- Contains the genetic code for each cell
The nucleus is essential for genetic information processing and storage.
True or False: The nuclear envelope consists of a single membrane.
False
The nuclear envelope is a double membrane structure.
What are the structures found within the nucleus?
- Nuclear Envelope
- Nuclear Pores
- Nucleoplasm
- Chromosomes
- Nucleolus
Each of these structures plays a specific role in the function and organization of the nucleus.
What is the role of the nucleolus?
Site of RNA production and ribosome synthesis
The nucleolus is a smaller sphere located within the nucleoplasm.
Fill in the blank: The _______ are protein-bound, linear DNA structures found in the nucleus.
Chromosomes
What are the components of the cell-surface membrane?
- Phospholipid bilayer
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Cholesterol
These components work together to maintain the integrity and functionality of the cell membrane.
What type of protein is a protein channel classified as?
Transport protein
What is the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin?
- Heterochromatin: densely packed, inactive DNA
- Euchromatin: loosely packed, active DNA
This distinction is important for understanding gene expression and DNA accessibility.
What are the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of a phospholipid molecule?
- Hydrophilic heads
- Hydrophobic tails
What is the function of the cell-surface membrane?
Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
The cell-surface membrane is selectively permeable.
What organelle is responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.
Fill in the blank: The organelle responsible for photosynthesis is the _______.
[Chloroplast]
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which captures light energy.
What is the primary function of the nucleus?
Contains genetic material and controls cell activities
The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope.
List the two types of endoplasmic reticulum.
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER is involved in protein synthesis, while smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis.
True or False: Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis.
True
Ribosomes can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
What is the function of lysosomes?
Digestive organelles that break down waste materials and cellular debris
Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes.
What structure provides support and protection to plant cells?
Cell wall
The cell wall is primarily made of cellulose.
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a large organelle that stores materials and helps maintain turgor pressure in plant cells.
[Vacuole]
Vacuoles can also store nutrients and waste products.
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles
The Golgi apparatus works closely with the endoplasmic reticulum.
What are plasmodesmata?
Channels that allow communication and transport between plant cells
Plasmodesmata connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells.
What is the tonoplast?
Membrane surrounding the vacuole in plant cells
The tonoplast regulates the movement of ions and molecules in and out of the vacuole.
Name the membrane system involved in the synthesis of lipids.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes, making it smooth in appearance.
What organelle is involved in the packaging and transport of proteins?
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
True or False: Peroxisomes are involved in lipid metabolism and the detoxification of harmful substances.
True
Peroxisomes contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and detoxify hydrogen peroxide.
What is the function of thylakoid membranes?
Site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
Thylakoids are found within chloroplasts.
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a dense region within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is produced.
[Nucleolus]
The nucleolus is crucial for ribosome assembly.
What are the two types of cells you must learn about?
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Which type of cell is larger and contains DNA in a nucleus?
Eukaryotic cells
What type of organisms are made up of eukaryotic cells?
Animals, plants, and fungi
What is the basic unit of life that can perform all life processes?
Cell
What are organisms made up of that contain a range of organs?
Organ systems
What are organs made up of?
Tissues
What are specialised cells with similar structures and functions organized into?
Tissues
Fill in the blank: Eukaryotic cells are part of complex _______ organisms.
multicellular
What is the function of the cell membrane?
It protects the cell and controls what enters and leaves.
What is the main function of the mitochondrion?
Energy production
True or False: The nucleus contains the DNA in prokaryotic cells.
False
What is the function of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis
Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for processing and packaging proteins.
Golgi apparatus
List three components found in an animal cell.
- Cell membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
What is the role of the vacuole in eukaryotic cells?
Storage of substances
What type of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Fill in the blank: The _______ helps in the detoxification of drugs and poisons.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
What is a lysosome’s primary function?
Digestion of waste materials
What is the term for the jelly-like substance inside the cell?
Cytoplasm
What structure is responsible for organizing microtubules in the cell?
Centrosome
