3.3 Changing urban settlements Flashcards
What is the structure of a city?
CBD - flats, apartments, terraced housing - central point of transport, roads, trains, airports
Transition zone - few old housing from industrial times - industry, manufacturing, main roads, factories, stations
Working class residential: old, terraced housing from industrial revolution - stations and old industrial retail parks
Middle class residential - larger housing towards edge of city, more modern - roads and stations to get into/out city, retail parks and industry dispersed
Commuter zone/modern suburbs - large houses in modern style, more sparsely dense - retail parks due to cheap land, little manufacturing, stations and roads to enter the city.
What is the bid rent theory?
Land occupied by those who could afford to pay the highest rent. Land values decrease the further from the city centre and shops and offices are the only ones able to afford highest rents, followed by industry and residences.
There is higher competition for land in the centre so it is in best interest for industry who can afford rent to be there, and housing in the centre would either be poor quality with low mobility or the elites. As a result, the model is not accurate as some low income groups reside in inner locations but live at high densities, renting small spaces.
What is the burgess model?
- Splits the city into concentric zones
- The CBD develops at the original growth point and intersection of major roads, the most accessible point and the highest land values
- Surrounding this is the zone of transition with large older houses converted into flats, offices and light industry where there is lots of manufacturing and immigrants due to the cheap housing and proximity to employment.
- Further out is the working class residential zone and the middle class residential zone occupied by newer and larger houses.
- Finally, the commuter zone extends beyond the built up area where affluence and class increases - as transport allowed people to live far distances from work.
What is Hoyt’s sector model?
- The business district remains in the same location due to accessibility however there were variations in land use near the centre.
- High income housing usually developed where there were distinct physical and social attractions, with low income housing confined to more unfavourable location, usually near industry.
- Transport links play a key role in influencing sectoral growth, particularly with industry. Medium and high class housing near the centre subject to suburban relocation leading to deterioration and occupation by lower income groups.
- High income housing and industrial areas are never next to each other, and always have a buffer zone between them and once these sectors are made they tend to continue to grow out.
What is the multiple nuclei model?
Cities have more than one focal point and it doesn’t just develop around just a single centre but rather multiple nuclei. These may be long established, such as old villages or industrial estates. Similar nuclei tend to group together and benefit from agglomeration, whilst some repel each other.
What is the British urban land use model?
The British urban land use model splits the concentric zone into 6 zones, where industry extends outwards and working, lower and middle class all depend on distance form the outwards growth of industry.
What does the model for a Latin American city look like?
Industry develops along a main road which expands as it reaches the outer edges of the city. The commercial district is evenly spread throughout the city. The need for squatter settlement housing on the outskirts digs into the better housing areas. High class housing is forced in the centre rather than the outskirts and worse housing is on the outskirts.
What is the general model of cities in LICs and MICs?
- Central areas have characteristics of modern CBDs. The development of a commercial spine extends from the CBD, enveloped by an elite residential sector.
- Industry tends to be nearer the central area and extend outwards in an industrial sector.
- There is a zone of maturity around the CBD with ranges of services with traditional housing and new residential development
- The traditional housing once occupied by high income families are now in the elite sector in the centre.
- There is a zone of accretion outside the maturity zone with medium-low quality in the process of extension and improvements and fewer services.
- There is a zone of squatter settlements which recent in-migrants reside
- Services here are the most sparse, with open trenches serving as sewers and taps providing water. Most of the housing is shanty and poor
What factors determine where high order stuff is
Market forces: demand and supply of land (bid rent + tax)
State planning: state decides where housing, open spaces and services go
Physical factors: cities with ports generally grow around ports, defensive areas such as hilltops generally have higher growth which extend outwards. Steep slopes are avoided as well as marshland, areas prone to landslides etc.
Transport routes: more accessible, more expensive the rent
Planning such as greenbelts prevent development or rise up land costs and rents
How are different services changing?
Manufacturing: industrial buildings traditionally close to ports, railways and canals, however deindustrialisation took place in HICs and since there is limited space and high competition industrial zones have been moved out to outskirts and newer industrial areas were built on greenfield sites with good access to road transports
Retailing and services: low rents found on brownfield sites in inner city cleared to create low order but high space shops e.g. car show rooms. Major department stores have moved to greenfield sites on the outskirts in suburbs or rural urban fringe. Developers often develop new retail parks on the outskirts of cities, creating new zones.
Suburban CBDs were created due to urban sprawl, retail parks built outside or along ring roads. Urban superstores in the middle and out of town shopping centres created. The rise of internet shopping reduced demand for shopping centres.
Other services: closure of local hospitals due to investment in bigger ones, more secondary schools in cities, sports stadiums moved to edge - large sites move to rural-urban fringes
What are the advantages and disadvantages of out of town shopping centres?
Pros:
More space, shops not cramped, easy parking, new developments, accessible, large shops, greater range of goods, low rents and land prices, environmental pressures reduced, new jobs created
Disadvantages:
Destroyed greenfield sites, destroyed habitats, pollution from cars, takes market from CBD, small business may not be able to compete, congestion, unskilled jobs created.
What are the characteristics of the CBD?
High amounts of transport, commuters and daytime activity. High land values, high density buildings, high end apartments, lack of green areas, lots of congestion, largely made of commercial areas or high order goods/services. Also have private investment firms from abroad, lawyers, banks, state buildings.
It is split into core, frame and assimilation zone.
What are the characteristics of the core?
Department stores, specialist shops, professional jobs and business, high rise offices, commercial offices, highest shopping quality, agglomeration, low residency, high congestion, multi-story development. Outer core between CBD and city has high commercial area with small shops, high density of pedestrians and commuters
What are the characteristics of the frame?
Less high order by developed commercial functions, stations, social services, light manufacturing, wholesale, car parks, education, large land, office areas, old residency, small shops, car sales, theatres, car parks, hotels, transport terminals, warehouses
What is the assimilation zone?
Transition zone slowly becoming CBD and integrating into the frame
