3.3 Carbohydrates Flashcards
What is the ratio of carbohydrates?
Cx(H2O)y
What is the term for a single sugar?
Monosaccharide
What is the term used for when two monosaccharides linked together?
Disaccharide
What is the term given for two or more monosaccharides linking together
Polysaccharide
Examples of monosaccharides
Glucose fructose and ribose
Examples of diasaccharides
Lactose and sucrose
Example of polysaccharide
Glycogen cellulose and starch
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
Glucose is composed of six carbons so what shape of monosaccharide is it?
Hexose monosaccharide
In alpha glucose is the first 0H above or under the first carbon?
Under
In a beta glucose is the first OH above or under the first carbon
Above
Alpha glucose
CH2OH
|——O. H
/ |
\ —— / |
| |OH
H OH
Beta glucose
CH2OH
|——O. OH
/ |
\ —— / |
| |H
H OH
What is a condensation reaction
A reaction where a product is water
How would two alpha glucoses do a condensation reaction?
A 1,4 glycol acidic bond will form between the OH of the carbon 1 and 4 of different alpha glucose molecules and water will be a product. An oxygen will remain between the carbon 1 and 4
What is amylose?
A polysaccharide in starch
Name the structure and type of bonding amylose
1,4 glycosidic bonds
The bond angle allows the long chain of glucose to twist and form a helix
This helix is stabilised by further hydrogen bonds within the molecule
This makes the polysaccharide more compact less soluble than glucose
Name the structure and bonds in the polysaccharide amylopectin
1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds phoned by condensation reactions
The 1,6 bones branching points
What is the equivalent energy storage molecule to starch in animals and fungi?
Glycogen
Why is glycogen more compact and less spaces needed to be stored compared to amylopectin?
Because it has more frequent branches
Why is coal branching of these pack polysaccharides important?
Because it makes them very compact, which is ideal for storage that is needed in animals
What do the branching also mean in animals in glycogen?
There are many free ends where glucose molecules can be added or removed, which therefore speeds up the process of storing or releasing glucose molecules needed by cells
What are the key properties of Amylopectin and glycogen
They are insoluble branched and compact, which means that they are ideal for storage
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
A reaction where you are adding water molecules
Why might animal or plants cells need hydrolysis reactions?
To be able to use the stored glucose or starch or glycogen needed for respiration
Why might be to glucose molecules have to alternate?
Because the hydroxyl groups ( carbon 1 and 4)are too far from each other react
What is a straight change mole that consists of beta glucoses called
Cellulose
What kind of bonds are there in cellulose?
1,4 glycosidic and hydrogen bonds (forming microfibres)
In cellulose the fires that are produced are strong and insoluble .What to they make?
Cell walls
Why is cellulose hard to break down?
Because it’s monomers and forms of fibre are insoluble and difficult to breakdown
