3.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are hormones produced

A

Endocrine glands, in very small amounts

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2
Q

Where are hromones secreted into

A

Directly into the bloodstream where they target one or several organs

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3
Q

Describe the nature of effects produced by hormones with an example

A

Long-lasting and genrally involved in more long-term processes. e.g. growth and sexual development or control of cell metabolism

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4
Q

Define target cells in relation to the endocrine system

A

Specialised cells on which hormones act

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5
Q

Membranes on taget cells consist of specific ________

A

protein recpetor molecules

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6
Q

What is the role of protein hormone recpetor molecules

A

detect the presence of hormones outside the cell and carry the message across the cel through a series of enzme reactions

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7
Q

What is the pituaitary gland often reffered as

A

The master gland

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8
Q

What are the two types of hormones

A

proteins (including peptides) or steroids ( a type of lipid)

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9
Q

what is the role of the pituitary gland

A

Release a variety of hormones that either have a direct effect or cause other endocrine glands to release their specific hormones. This allows feedback to control the release of a hormone

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10
Q

Exaplin steroid hormones

A

Lipid soluble (cholestrol) and are able to pass thrugh the cell and nuclear membrane, directly effecting recptor molecules within the cell

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11
Q

Explain protein hormones

A

Unable to pass through the membrane - instead they bind to protein recpetors on the cell membrane

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12
Q

Name some types of endocrine glands and where they are situated in the body

A

Brain: Pituitary, hypothalalmus, pineal

Neck: thyroid

Abdomen: Adrenal, pancreas

Pelvis: female gonads (ovaries)

Scrotum: male gonads (testes)

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13
Q

Describe some horomes, where they are released and what their role is

A

ADH - pituatiary - controls reabsoption of water in the kidneys

Growth hormone - pituitary - growth of body cells and tissues

Follicle stimulating (FSH) - pituaitary - stimulates ovaries adn testicles

TSH - pituaitary - stimulates activity of thyroid gland

Thyroxine - thyroid - stimulates metabolism and heat production

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)- parathyroid - stimulates release of calcium from bones

Pancreas - insulin and glucagon - lowers blood sugar/raises blood sugar

Adrenalin - adrenal gland - increases blood sugar and constricts blood vessels

Testosterone - testes - male charecteristics, sperm production

Oestrogen, progesterone - ovaries - female charecteristics, maintain uterine lining

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14
Q

The rate of hormone secretion and usage by tagert cells is closely related. T or F?

A

True - the control of hormone levels are closely maintained by negative feedback systems

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15
Q

What does negative feedback do in the endocine system

A

A mechanism that maintains the balance between hormone levels and the needs ot target cells - endocrine glands will contrinue to secrete hormones until messages come back from the target cells that there is sufficient amounts of the specific hormone present. These messages (enzymes) are secreted by the target cells and inhibit hormone secretion in the endocrine gland

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16
Q

Describe the steps in the thyroid stimulating hormone cycle

A

Hypothalamus releases thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)

TRH causes anterior pituitary to release Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

TSH triggers the production + release of thyroxine y the thyroid gland.

An increase in the level of thyroxine in the blood inhibits the hormones from the hypothalamus (TRH) and pituitary (TSH) = negative feedback

17
Q

Describe body response to blood glucose levels being too high

A

Rising blood sugar levels (e.g. after eating a meal)

Beta cells of pancrease stimulated to release insulin into the blood

Insulin stimulates the body cells to taje up more glucose, and fro the liver to take up more glucose and store it as glycogen.

This causes blood glucose levels to decline back to the bodys set-point, hence the stimulus for insulin to be released diminishes

18
Q

Describe the body’s responses to too low blood glucose levels

A

Low blood glucose levels

Aplha cells in pancrease stimulated to release glucagon into the blood

Alpha cells trigger the breakdown of glycogen into glucose which is released into the blood

Blood glucose rises to setpoint, hence stimulus for glucagon production and rlease diminishes

19
Q

Why is water content of the body controlled

A

to protect body cells

20
Q

How is water content controlled

A

Lungs when exhaling, skin by sweating, urine produced by the kidneys

21
Q

describe the bodys response to too little water in the blood

A

Hypothalamus detetcs too little water

Pituitary gland releases ADH

Kidneys maintain blood water level

Less water is lost in urine (urine is more concentrated)

Blood water levels return to normal

22
Q

Describe the bodys response to too much water in the blood

A

hypothalamus detects too much water in blood

Pitutitary gland releases less ADH

Kidneys reduce blood water level

more water reaches bladder (urine more dilute)

blood water level returns to normal

23
Q

Describe the bodys repsonse to above normal body temp

A

Body temp above normal

Nervous system siginals dermal blood vesssels to dilate and sweat glands to secrete

Body heat lost to surroundings

Body temp drops back to normal

24
Q

describe the bodys reponse to below normal body temp

A

Body temp below normal

Nervous system signals dermal blood vessels to constrict and sweat glands to remain inactive, TSH stimulating hormone increases release of thyroxine by thyroid to increase metabolism, nervous system signals muscles to contract involunatirly

body temp increases

Body temp returns to normal

25
Q

What are the causes of diseases and disorders in the endocrine system

A

imbalances in feedback mechanisms

26
Q

Describe the cause of diabetes

A

Pancrease either doesn’t produce adequate insulin levels or body doesn;t properly respond to insulin

27
Q

Explain the release of adrenaline in the fight or flight response

A

Amygdala reacts to a threat

ypothalamus activates sympathetic nervous system, body releases adrenaline

adrenal cortex releases corisol for continued alertness

28
Q

Explain some physiological changes during the fight or flight response and the purpose for them

A

increased heartrate - increase blood flow to organs and increase movement of adrenaline around the body

Increased breathing - increased oxygen intake

pupil dilation - increase light entry into eye to enhance vision

sweat production - regulate temperature

reduction of non-essential functions (e.g. digestion, urination, salivation) - increases energy for other essential functions

29
Q

Compare the nervous and endocrine systems

A

Endocrine - made up of secretory cells, uses chemicals (hormones) as mode of transmissions, transmission pathway is blood plasma, slow speed of trasnsmission, long-term effects, response is more widespread

Nervous - made up of neurons, mode of transmission is electrical impulses, nerve fibres are the transmission patheay, fast speed of transmission, short-term effects, response more localised