1.2 - Language of Life

Question 1

How many chromosones do human body cells contain?

Answer 1

46

Question 2

How are pictures of chromosones arranged in a karyotype?

Answer 2

In size order - largest to smallest.

These chromosones however are only visible during division

Question 3

What happens once to photos of chromosones once they are arranged in size order?

Answer 3

They are numbered accordingly

Question 4

For each pair of chromosones, do they come from the mum or the dad?

Answer 4

Both. Within a chromsone pair there is one maternal and one paternal chromosone.

Question 5

Which pair of chromosones aren’tgiven a number in a karyotype?

Answer 5

Sex chromosones

Question 6

What shape are the two female sex chromosones

Answer 6

Two x-shaped chromosones

Question 7

What shape are the two male sex chromosones

Answer 7

One x shaped chromosone and one y shaped chromosone

Question 8

What are the 44 non-sex chromosones know as

Answer 8

Autosomes

Question 9

When does DNA replication occur

Answer 9

Prior to cell division

Question 10

What is a good way to decsribe the nature of the replicated DNA after replication?

Answer 10

Two identical copies - one for each daughter cell

Question 11

Why are new cells required to be made for the body

Answer 11

For growth and repair

Question 12

Before duplication, how many DNA molecules does each chromosone have

Answer 12

1

Question 13

Once DNA has been duplicated (before division), how many chromatids does a chromosone consist of

Answer 13

two, each cntaining a copy of the DNA molecules

Question 14

What part of the chromosone are the two sister chromatids connected at before division

Answer 14

Centromere

Question 15

What enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds connecting base pairs in DNA for replication

Answer 15

Helicase

Question 16

What is the name for the two seperate strands of DNA once seperated for replication

Answer 16

Templates

Question 17

What enzyme links complementary free nucleotides

Answer 17

Polymerase

Question 18

What does the enzyme ligase do?

Answer 18

ensuring all sections of the DNA molecule have been sealed

Question 19

What is the name of the process that ensures there is one old strand and new strand of DNA after replication

Answer 19

Semi-conservative replication

Question 20

Why is there DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase?

Answer 20

DNA polymerase is used in the replication of DNA for division. It pairs complementary free DNA nucleotides with the original template to create a new strand. RNA polymerase is used in protein transcription to make small sections of RNA to act as mRNA and leave the nucleus. It will attach complementary free RNA nucleotides with an unraveled strand of DNA

Question 21

What is the name of the section at which the DNA starts going it’s seperate ways when unravelling

Answer 21

DNA Fork

Question 22

Can multiples polymerases synthesise at the same time?

Answer 22

Yes multiple polymerases can synthesise new strands of DNA a the same time using each unwound strand from the original double helix as a template

Question 23

What are the names of the two different unwound DNA strands according to the direction they synthesise

Answer 23

Leading strand and Lagging strand

Question 24

What is the nature of how the leading strand is synthesised

Answer 24

continuously

Question 25

How is the lagging strand synthesised

Answer 25

In smaller segments which are joined together to make one continuous strand

Question 26

What type of Polymer is a substance most likely if it ends in 'ase'

Answer 26

An enzyme

Question 27

How does Helicase 'unzip' the DNA

Answer 27

by breaking hydrogen bonds

Question 28

What is the function of a primer?

Answer 28

Primase can't figure out where to get started with the synethisis of new strands, hence it needs a primer to show it where

Question 29

what are primers made from?

Answer 29

RNA

Question 30

Are DNA strands parrallel or anti-parrallel

Answer 30

anti-parrallel

Question 31

Where does the name 5 prime to 3 prime come from?

Answer 31

The sugar phosphate backbone, specifically the arrangement of the carbon in the sugar (typically in diagrams where the 5 carbon sugar is represented with a pentagon, which ever way the point of the hexagons are going is towards the 5, aka 5 prime to 3 prime

Question 32

Which direction can DNA polymerase only build in

Answer 32

5 ' to 3', hence it moves along the existing template in the 3' to 5' direction - always towards the 5

Question 33

Why is one strand lagging?

Answer 33

Since polymerase can only build in 5' to 3' direction, it needs to keep returning to the start to continue building in sections

Question 34

Does DNA polymerase often make mistakes

Answer 34

No - it has proof-reading abilities so is very rare

Question 35

What is another name for the genetic code

Answer 35

The genome

Question 36

Why does even a simple cell require many genes

Answer 36

Because all cell needs complex reactions to take place and for many different proteins to be made, hence it needs lot's of different instructions

Question 37

where does transcription occur

Answer 37

Inside the nucleus

Question 38

What happens in transcription

Answer 38

A gene on the DNA (a section of DNA) is transcribed onto messenger RNA (mRNA).

Question 39

Why is mRNA helpful

Answer 39

because DNA is too large to leave the nucleus so a message of the code is taken instead

Question 40

What is the first step of transcription

Answer 40

DNA unzips (hydrogen bonds broken) exposing the bases of the gene that need to be coded

Question 41

What is step 2 of transcription

Answer 41

Free RNA nucleotides (A, U, G, C) join to the gene bases on the template strand. RNA polymerase links to complementary nucleotides forming a messenger RNA molecule

Question 42

What is step 3 of transcription

Answer 42

The mRNA molecule leaves the nucleus via a nuclear pore

Question 43

What is step 4 of transcription

Answer 43

DNA zips back up, DNA is unaltered

Question 44

Describe the structure of mRNA

Answer 44

The mRNA formed is made up of RNA bases found as triplets called a codon.

Question 45

What does each codon code for?

Answer 45

A specific amino acid

Question 46

Do codon tables refer to codons on the DNA, mRNA, or tRNA strand?

Answer 46

mRNA

Question 47

Where does translation occur?

Answer 47

Cytoplasm

Question 48

What is mRNA translated into during translation

Answer 48

Amino acid sequence which forms a polypeptide chain

Question 49

What organelle does mRNA attach to for translation

Answer 49

Ribosome

Question 50

What are ribosomes made of

Answer 50

rRNA and protein

Question 51

Where is rRNA synethsisted?

Answer 51

Nucleolus

Question 52

What are the 3 bases on tRNA known as

Answer 52

Anti-codon

Question 53

What does each anti-codon correspond to

Answer 53

A specific amino acid

Question 54

Where do tRNA anti-codons attach to during translation

Answer 54

Corresponding mRNA codon)

Question 55

Describe the nature in which a ribosome translates mRNA

Answer 55

Feeds through the Ribosome, proccessing one amino acid at a time, like paper being fed through a ticker timer

Question 56

How do amino acids attach to eachother in a peptide chain

Answer 56

Peptide link

Question 57

Once the tRNA drops of the Amino acid to the polypeptide chain, can it pick up another amino acid?

Answer 57

Yes, excpet it must be specific to the anti-codon it possesses

Question 58

What is the last amino acid on a sequence called and what does it do?

Answer 58

Stop Amino acid and signifies the completion of the polypeptide chain

Question 59

What happens once all the mRNA has been read and proccessesed through the ribosome

Answer 59

The polypeptide chain moves away from the ribosome and fold into it's protein shape

Question 60

What are sections of the DNA which are expressed called?

Answer 60

exons

Question 61

What are sequences called that are transcribed but then cut out of the mRNA before translation called?

Answer 61

Introns

Question 62

What's another name for introns within eukaryotic cells

Answer 62

non-coding sequences

Question 63

What's the name for RNA that has not had the introns spliced out

Answer 63

Immature mRNA

Question 64

What's the name for RNA once the introns have been splied out

Answer 64

Mature mRNA