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Bio 1.1 > 1.2 - Language of Life > Flashcards

1.2 - Language of Life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many chromosones do human body cells contain?

A

46

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2
Q

How are pictures of chromosones arranged in a karyotype?

A

In size order - largest to smallest.

These chromosones however are only visible during division

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3
Q

What happens once to photos of chromosones once they are arranged in size order?

A

They are numbered accordingly

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4
Q

For each pair of chromosones, do they come from the mum or the dad?

A

Both. Within a chromsone pair there is one maternal and one paternal chromosone.

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5
Q

Which pair of chromosones aren’tgiven a number in a karyotype?

A

Sex chromosones

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6
Q

What shape are the two female sex chromosones

A

Two x-shaped chromosones

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7
Q

What shape are the two male sex chromosones

A

One x shaped chromosone and one y shaped chromosone

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8
Q

What are the 44 non-sex chromosones know as

A

Autosomes

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9
Q

When does DNA replication occur

A

Prior to cell division

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10
Q

What is a good way to decsribe the nature of the replicated DNA after replication?

A

Two identical copies - one for each daughter cell

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11
Q

Why are new cells required to be made for the body

A

For growth and repair

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12
Q

Before duplication, how many DNA molecules does each chromosone have

A

1

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13
Q

Once DNA has been duplicated (before division), how many chromatids does a chromosone consist of

A

two, each cntaining a copy of the DNA molecules

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14
Q

What part of the chromosone are the two sister chromatids connected at before division

A

Centromere

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15
Q

What enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds connecting base pairs in DNA for replication

A

Helicase

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16
Q

What is the name for the two seperate strands of DNA once seperated for replication

A

Templates

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17
Q

What enzyme links complementary free nucleotides

A

Polymerase

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18
Q

What does the enzyme ligase do?

A

ensuring all sections of the DNA molecule have been sealed

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19
Q

What is the name of the process that ensures there is one old strand and new strand of DNA after replication

A

Semi-conservative replication

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20
Q

Why is there DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase?

A

DNA polymerase is used in the replication of DNA for division. It pairs complementary free DNA nucleotides with the original template to create a new strand. RNA polymerase is used in protein transcription to make small sections of RNA to act as mRNA and leave the nucleus. It will attach complementary free RNA nucleotides with an unraveled strand of DNA

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21
Q

What is the name of the section at which the DNA starts going it’s seperate ways when unravelling

A

DNA Fork

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22
Q

Can multiples polymerases synthesise at the same time?

A

Yes multiple polymerases can synthesise new strands of DNA a the same time using each unwound strand from the original double helix as a template

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23
Q

What are the names of the two different unwound DNA strands according to the direction they synthesise

A

Leading strand and Lagging strand

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24
Q

What is the nature of how the leading strand is synthesised

A

continuously

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25
Q

How is the lagging strand synthesised

A

In smaller segments which are joined together to make one continuous strand

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26
Q

What type of Polymer is a substance most likely if it ends in ‘ase’

A

An enzyme

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27
Q

How does Helicase ‘unzip’ the DNA

A

by breaking hydrogen bonds

28
Q

What is the function of a primer?

A

Primase can’t figure out where to get started with the synethisis of new strands, hence it needs a primer to show it where

29
Q

what are primers made from?

A

RNA

30
Q

Are DNA strands parrallel or anti-parrallel

A

anti-parrallel

31
Q

Where does the name 5 prime to 3 prime come from?

A

The sugar phosphate backbone, specifically the arrangement of the carbon in the sugar (typically in diagrams where the 5 carbon sugar is represented with a pentagon, which ever way the point of the hexagons are going is towards the 5, aka 5 prime to 3 prime

32
Q

Which direction can DNA polymerase only build in

A

5 ‘ to 3’, hence it moves along the existing template in the 3’ to 5’ direction - always towards the 5

33
Q

Why is one strand lagging?

A

Since polymerase can only build in 5’ to 3’ direction, it needs to keep returning to the start to continue building in sections

34
Q

Does DNA polymerase often make mistakes

A

No - it has proof-reading abilities so is very rare

35
Q

What is another name for the genetic code

A

The genome

36
Q

Why does even a simple cell require many genes

A

Because all cell needs complex reactions to take place and for many different proteins to be made, hence it needs lot’s of different instructions

37
Q

where does transcription occur

A

Inside the nucleus

38
Q

What happens in transcription

A

A gene on the DNA (a section of DNA) is transcribed onto messenger RNA (mRNA).

39
Q

Why is mRNA helpful

A

because DNA is too large to leave the nucleus so a message of the code is taken instead

40
Q

What is the first step of transcription

A

DNA unzips (hydrogen bonds broken) exposing the bases of the gene that need to be coded

41
Q

What is step 2 of transcription

A

Free RNA nucleotides (A, U, G, C) join to the gene bases on the template strand. RNA polymerase links to complementary nucleotides forming a messenger RNA molecule

42
Q

What is step 3 of transcription

A

The mRNA molecule leaves the nucleus via a nuclear pore

43
Q

What is step 4 of transcription

A

DNA zips back up, DNA is unaltered

44
Q

Describe the structure of mRNA

A

The mRNA formed is made up of RNA bases found as triplets called a codon.

45
Q

What does each codon code for?

A

A specific amino acid

46
Q

Do codon tables refer to codons on the DNA, mRNA, or tRNA strand?

A

mRNA

47
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Cytoplasm

48
Q

What is mRNA translated into during translation

A

Amino acid sequence which forms a polypeptide chain

49
Q

What organelle does mRNA attach to for translation

A

Ribosome

50
Q

What are ribosomes made of

A

rRNA and protein

51
Q

Where is rRNA synethsisted?

A

Nucleolus

52
Q

What are the 3 bases on tRNA known as

A

Anti-codon

53
Q

What does each anti-codon correspond to

A

A specific amino acid

54
Q

Where do tRNA anti-codons attach to during translation

A

Corresponding mRNA codon)

55
Q

Describe the nature in which a ribosome translates mRNA

A

Feeds through the Ribosome, proccessing one amino acid at a time, like paper being fed through a ticker timer

56
Q

How do amino acids attach to eachother in a peptide chain

A

Peptide link

57
Q

Once the tRNA drops of the Amino acid to the polypeptide chain, can it pick up another amino acid?

A

Yes, excpet it must be specific to the anti-codon it possesses

58
Q

What is the last amino acid on a sequence called and what does it do?

A

Stop Amino acid and signifies the completion of the polypeptide chain

59
Q

What happens once all the mRNA has been read and proccessesed through the ribosome

A

The polypeptide chain moves away from the ribosome and fold into it’s protein shape

60
Q

What are sections of the DNA which are expressed called?

A

exons

61
Q

What are sequences called that are transcribed but then cut out of the mRNA before translation called?

A

Introns

62
Q

What’s another name for introns within eukaryotic cells

A

non-coding sequences

63
Q

What’s the name for RNA that has not had the introns spliced out

A

Immature mRNA

64
Q

What’s the name for RNA once the introns have been splied out

A

Mature mRNA

65
Q
A

Bio 1.1 (10 decks)

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