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Bio 1.1 > 1.6 Use of genetic information > Flashcards

1.6 Use of genetic information Flashcards

1
Q

Is DNA found in all living things?

A

Yes

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2
Q

The mechanism of coverting the information from DNA into proteins differs between living things, true of false?

A

False - it is the smae

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3
Q

What does the fact that all living things turn information from DNA into proteins support

A

The idea that all living things have a common origin

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4
Q

In what ways does the the DNA of different species differ?

A

Number of molecules (chromosomes)
Length
Sequence of Bases

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5
Q

What is the reason for different species possesses differences in DNA

A

Changes that have occured over billions of years

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6
Q

If organisms have a common feature, what does this mean?

A

Similar protein, which ould mean shared DNA sequences.

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7
Q

More difference is features between organisms = …

A

Less closely related - seperated longer ago

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8
Q

How do humans manipulate DNA

A

Breaking up the cells, sperating the nuclei (viacentrifuging techniques)

removing the nuclear membrane with special chemicals

Removing the histones and proteins from the DNA and isolating the DNA

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9
Q

Explain how genes are isolated

A

A sample collected from a tissue of a lving thing or dead organism is treated with chemicals and enzymes to extract the DNA which is sperated and purified

The DNA is cut up into fragments using restriction enymes yielding thousands of fragments of all different sizes

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10
Q

Where do restriction enzymes cut DNA

A

At specific sites - they are like chemical scissors

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11
Q

What is the name of a sequence of bases recognised by a restriction enzyme to cut at called and how many bases does it consist of

A

Restrcition site - typically 4-6 nucleotides

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12
Q

What is an example of a restriction enzyme

A

EcoR1

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13
Q

Where are restriction enzymes gathered from

A

Bacteria

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14
Q

Why do bacteria produce restriction Enzymes

A

To act as a defence mechanism against viral DNA by cutting it

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15
Q

What are the two ways a restriction enzyme can cut DNA

A

Straight through the middle, leaving blunt ends

Diagonally across the DNA leaving some bases exposed, leaving sticky ends

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16
Q

How is a desired gene isolated from other unwanted DNA fragments

A

Using a probe

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17
Q

What is a probe

A

A short segment of single strand DNA or RNA containing a base sequence complementary to the desired gene

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18
Q

What treatment are probes given to make them identifiable

A

Radioactively or fluroescently labbeled with a dye

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19
Q

What does PCR stand for

A

Polymerase chain reaction

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20
Q

What is the purpose of PCR

A

To artifically multiply DNA samples

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21
Q

Where is PCR carried out

A

artifically in a labratory (DNA photocopier)

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22
Q

What does PCR achieve

A

It amplfies small samples of DNA (e.g. from a crime scene) to a point where there is enough DNA to analyse DNA fingerprints and sequence DNA base pairings

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23
Q

Explain the first step of PCR

A

required DNA is added to a test tube and heated to seperate the 2 complimentary strands (breaking hydrogen bonds)

24
Q

Explain the second step of PCR

A

DNA polymerase, DNA primers (stop DNA strands from recombining) and free nucleotides are added

25
Explain the third step of PCR
DNA is cooled to allow the binding of free nucleotides to the exposed bases
26
Each time replication occurs, the amount of DNA....
Doubles - allowing enormous amounf ot DNA to be generated in a short period o time
27
In 1 hour and afyer about 20 PCR cycles it is possible to multiply the sample of DNA by .....
a million times
28
Since DNA polymerase is an enzyme and therefore a protein, what happens to regular human DNA polymerase if it were to be used in PCR and how do we combat this
It would denature due to the high temps. Hence PCR uses polymerase extracted from bacteria found in the hot springs at yellowstone which do not denature at the required temp
29
In what areas of science is PCR used extensively
Evolution esearch Pre-natal diagnoisis Amplifying DNA from crime scenes for forensics
30
What is another name for DNA profling
DNA fingerprinting
31
What is DNA fingerprinting
a process that identifies variations in DNA base sequences
32
In paticular regions of the chromosones, there are long segments (up to 25%) that ....
don't code for anyhing
33
What is found within long segments found in chromosones that don;t code for anything
Highly repetitive base sequences called 'junk repeats'
34
The frequency of junk repeats is the near exact same between every person, T or F
False, it is extremely varied
35
What is the name for the amount of time a highly repetitive seuqnce of bases is found
Variable number tandem repeates (VNTR
36
In a human chromosome, it is possible for one person to have the base sequnce CA repreated 170 times whilst only 58 times in another. T or F
True
37
Are junk repeat patterns unique to an individual?
Yes, like a fingerprint
38
What does identifiying the junk repeat pattern of a person's DNA enable
DNA to be exactly matched to a paticular person
39
Explain the process of DNA profiling
1. Samples of DNA can be broken up into fragments using restriction enzymes Restriction enzymes cut the DNA at specific sites Since every person's DNA is different (except for identical twins), the length of resulting fragments will be different between people 2. DNA fragments are then seperated according to their size, using a process called electrophoreis
40
Explain the process of electrophoresis
1. DNA fragments are placed at one end of a flat rectangular gel. 2. Electrodes (positive and negative) are attached toeither end of the gel 3. An electric current is passed through the gel 4. the phosphate groups on a DNA molecule are negatively charged - consequently they move to the positive electrode 5. Smaller DNA fragments move faster than long ones 6. The pattern on the electrophoresis gel is transferred to a nylon sheet. 7. Radioactiv probes are added, whcih stick to specific DNA sites producing a pattern 8. A banding pattern called a DNA fingerprint is created, due to the DNA fragments being sperated according to size 9. Each DNA fingerprint is unique, due to the different lengths of an individuals DNA fragments
41
DNA testing from samples of DNA left at a crime scene can be used to identify a criminal as DNa is different to each individual, hence auto radiographs or DNA fingerprints are used in criminal investigations
That's a statement not a question. Dab
42
Name uses of DNA fingerprinting
Custody disputes - determining genetic relationships Forensics
43
DNA that has been lefy for 3-4 years can't still produce a DNA fingerprint
Flase, it can
44
PCR helps to facillitate the creation of DNA fingerprints because.....
It enables the amplification of a small sample of DNA
45
Is DNA profiling more accurate than blood-typing and fingerprints?
Yes
46
Do criminals have their DNA stored?
Yes all convicted criminals will have their DNA fingerprint stored to be accessed by detectives searching for potential suspects
47
Name an issue with potential use of DNA database
Could ne inconclusive or mis-interpretated
48
Name some uses of DNA databases
health insurance, missing persons, paternity testing, genetic disorders
49
What is DNA sequencing
The process of determining the nucleotide base sequence of a target DNA molecule
50
Is gel electrophoresis a form od DNA sequencing
YEs - it is a form of DNA sequencing known as the chain termination method
51
What does DNA sequencing enable
Mapping of species genome
52
Wat is an electropherogram
is a plot of DNA fragment sizes, typically used for genotyping such as DNA sequencing. T
53
What are some ethical issues related to the collection of genetic information
How will humans use the new technology Who will have access to the information Who will control the use of and access to the new information Privacy of all citizens
54
What are some economic issues related to the collection of genetic information
Cost to collecte, store and administer a database does the cost justofy the gains should the money be spent in other areas - healthcare, education, environement
55
56
What are some cultural issues related to the collection of genetic information
Different cultures have different values and place different importance on genetic information cultures view abortions and genetic disorders with different views Religious considerations Are we playin god? zsome genetic disrders more prevalent in some societies e.g. thalassemia, sickle cell anemia

Bio 1.1 (10 decks)

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