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Population & the Environment > 3.2.4.4 Population Change > Flashcards

3.2.4.4 Population Change Flashcards

1
Q

crude birth rate

A

the total number of live births per 1000 of a population per year

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2
Q

crude death rate

A

average number of deaths per 1000 of a population per year

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3
Q

demography

A

the study of the human population

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4
Q

emigrant

A

a person leaving their native area or country in order to settle elsewhere

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5
Q

immigrant

A

a person moving into an area or country to which they are not native in order to settle there

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6
Q

infant mortality rate (IMR)

A

number of children who die before their 1st birthday per 1000 live births per year

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7
Q

life expectancy (at birth)

A

Average number of years a person born in a particular year in a location is expected to live

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8
Q

natural change

A

difference between birth rates and death rates

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9
Q

net migration change

A

difference between the total number/average rate of immigrants and emigrants in an area or country over a given time period

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10
Q

(net) replacement rate

A

number of children each woman needs to have to maintain current population levels or give 0 population growth by generation- it is a measured fertility rate

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11
Q

reproductive age

A

age at which women can given birth -between 15 and 44

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12
Q

total fertility rate

A

average number of children born per woman in an area or country if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years

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13
Q

demographic dividend

A

the benefit a country gets when its working population outgrows its dependents- a boost in economic productivity

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14
Q

asylum seeker

A

a person who has fled their country of origin and applies for asylum under the 1951 Convention on the grounds they can’t return to their country because of a well-founded fear of death or persecution- they are waiting for a decision

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15
Q

economic migrant

A

a person who has voluntarily left their country of origin to seek, by lawful or unlawful means, employment in another country

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16
Q

refugee

A

a person fleeing from natural disaster or civil war but not necessarily fearing persecution- application was successful

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17
Q

main influences on population change

A

natural change

migration/ net migration change- both factors together affect each other due to age of migrants on current population

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18
Q

key vital rates that affect natural population change

A

birth rate, death rate, total fertility rate, infant mortality rate

19
Q

why do BR and total fertility rate appear to correlate

A

both measure reproductive potential of the population, but fertility rate more accurate measure of future pop change

20
Q

countries of greatest and lowest natural population change

A

greatest in central Africa, lowest in Russia and Eastern Europe

21
Q

polygamous

A

to have more than 1 partner

22
Q

purpose of DTM

A

traces a decrease in BR and DR as a country goes from a pre to industrialised economic state, provides a framework to compare data and stages of development, make predictions about future changes

23
Q

weaknesses of DTM

A

doesn’t account for migration, government policies, conflicts, major diseases/pandemics or environmental influences (resources, climate and disasters), countries don’t progress smoothly

24
Q

population structure/ population pyramids

A

show age and sex composition, viewed as a snapshot but constantly changing

25
Q

young dependents

A

0-14 years old

26
Q

economically active

A

15-64 earn income, pay taxes

27
Q

elderly dependents

A

65+

28
Q

dependency ratio

A

shows how many dependent people rely on 100 working people

29
Q

dependency ratio in developed countries

A

50-70

30
Q

dependency ratio in low income countries

A

over 100

31
Q

dependency dividend

A

refers to a period when there is low dependency due to the population structure- more working than dependents

32
Q

scale of international migration

A

3.5% of worlds population live outside their country of origin and likely to rise

33
Q

reasons for increase in international migration

A

wars, conflict, persecution, disasters, poor development

34
Q

categories of movement from less to more developed countries

A

labour migration, family migration, humanitarian migration

35
Q

(push) ‘forcing’ factors

A

war, conflict, political instability, ethnic and religious persecution, natural/man-made disasters

36
Q

(push) socio-economic conditions

A

unemployment, low wages or poor working conditions, shortage of food

37
Q

(pull) associated with voluntary migration

A

better quality of life and standard of living, varied employment opportunities, higher wages, better healthcare and access to education services, political stability, more freedom

38
Q

(pull) for retirees

A

specific type of environment with a range of services to cater for their needs

39
Q

causes of international migration for asylum seekers and refugees

A

war and conflict mainly, persecution and poverty

40
Q

advantages of international migration

A

new opportunities for migrants, larger and more skilled workforce, remittances to country of origin

41
Q

disadvantages of international migration

A

loss of most skilled workers from country of origin, additional stress on infrastructure

42
Q

implications of migration

A

demographic, social, economic, environmental, political all having impact on health

43
Q

BR and fertility rate are affected by cultural controls such as…

A

religion, gender preference for children, status of women, marriage traditions

44
Q

characteristics of population pyramids

A

show effects of… large-scale migration/past changes in population/war, disease, famine ; predict short/long-term change ; indicate life expectancy for different genders ; relates to DTM

Population & the Environment (6 decks)

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