3.2.4.4 Population Change Flashcards
crude birth rate
the total number of live births per 1000 of a population per year
crude death rate
average number of deaths per 1000 of a population per year
demography
the study of the human population
emigrant
a person leaving their native area or country in order to settle elsewhere
immigrant
a person moving into an area or country to which they are not native in order to settle there
infant mortality rate (IMR)
number of children who die before their 1st birthday per 1000 live births per year
life expectancy (at birth)
Average number of years a person born in a particular year in a location is expected to live
natural change
difference between birth rates and death rates
net migration change
difference between the total number/average rate of immigrants and emigrants in an area or country over a given time period
(net) replacement rate
number of children each woman needs to have to maintain current population levels or give 0 population growth by generation- it is a measured fertility rate
reproductive age
age at which women can given birth -between 15 and 44
total fertility rate
average number of children born per woman in an area or country if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years
demographic dividend
the benefit a country gets when its working population outgrows its dependents- a boost in economic productivity
asylum seeker
a person who has fled their country of origin and applies for asylum under the 1951 Convention on the grounds they can’t return to their country because of a well-founded fear of death or persecution- they are waiting for a decision
economic migrant
a person who has voluntarily left their country of origin to seek, by lawful or unlawful means, employment in another country
refugee
a person fleeing from natural disaster or civil war but not necessarily fearing persecution- application was successful
main influences on population change
natural change
migration/ net migration change- both factors together affect each other due to age of migrants on current population
key vital rates that affect natural population change
birth rate, death rate, total fertility rate, infant mortality rate
why do BR and total fertility rate appear to correlate
both measure reproductive potential of the population, but fertility rate more accurate measure of future pop change
countries of greatest and lowest natural population change
greatest in central Africa, lowest in Russia and Eastern Europe
polygamous
to have more than 1 partner
purpose of DTM
traces a decrease in BR and DR as a country goes from a pre to industrialised economic state, provides a framework to compare data and stages of development, make predictions about future changes
weaknesses of DTM
doesn’t account for migration, government policies, conflicts, major diseases/pandemics or environmental influences (resources, climate and disasters), countries don’t progress smoothly
population structure/ population pyramids
show age and sex composition, viewed as a snapshot but constantly changing
young dependents
0-14 years old
economically active
15-64 earn income, pay taxes
elderly dependents
65+
dependency ratio
shows how many dependent people rely on 100 working people
dependency ratio in developed countries
50-70
dependency ratio in low income countries
over 100
dependency dividend
refers to a period when there is low dependency due to the population structure- more working than dependents
scale of international migration
3.5% of worlds population live outside their country of origin and likely to rise
reasons for increase in international migration
wars, conflict, persecution, disasters, poor development
categories of movement from less to more developed countries
labour migration, family migration, humanitarian migration
(push) ‘forcing’ factors
war, conflict, political instability, ethnic and religious persecution, natural/man-made disasters
(push) socio-economic conditions
unemployment, low wages or poor working conditions, shortage of food
(pull) associated with voluntary migration
better quality of life and standard of living, varied employment opportunities, higher wages, better healthcare and access to education services, political stability, more freedom
(pull) for retirees
specific type of environment with a range of services to cater for their needs
causes of international migration for asylum seekers and refugees
war and conflict mainly, persecution and poverty
advantages of international migration
new opportunities for migrants, larger and more skilled workforce, remittances to country of origin
disadvantages of international migration
loss of most skilled workers from country of origin, additional stress on infrastructure
implications of migration
demographic, social, economic, environmental, political all having impact on health
BR and fertility rate are affected by cultural controls such as…
religion, gender preference for children, status of women, marriage traditions
characteristics of population pyramids
show effects of… large-scale migration/past changes in population/war, disease, famine ; predict short/long-term change ; indicate life expectancy for different genders ; relates to DTM
