3.2 Describe Contribution of Agencies To Achieve SC Flashcards
5 principles of CPTED
- natural surveillance
- physical features such as windows and lighting - natural access control - respecting signs and environmental designs so leads to a prevention of crime
- territorial reinforcement - marking boundaries and acting as a signal for criminals
- activity support - authorise and legitimate activties held in a public space so they community know its intended use
- maintenance - maintaining and caring for area and its purpose
criticisms of CPTED
- doesnt work for criminals who commit crimes in their own homes too
- suggests that criminals commit crime in hidden places but many crimes are overt
- in housing estates crime rates are increased because of the families placed there
- the reputation of an area can also contribute to crime rates
- doesnt prevent crime involving physical intrusion
CPTED and Gated Lanes
- ‘design out crime’ idea - prevents criminals gaining access to alleyways and terraced houses
- prevents burglaries and anti social behaviour
- less unwanted traffic, reduces crime, improves community control, improves safety
Aiden Sidebottom’s research : - acts as a physical barrier
- reduces the reward of crime
- residents are responsible for guarding own property
Criticisms of CPTED and Gated Lanes
- doesnt work for criminals already inside the gated lanes
- expensive as it is £728 per gate in deprieved areas
- restricts access to emergency services
- co-operation of all residents is needed for it to be implemented
Dr Alice Coleman’s Research
- study public housing design to find amount of social malaise
- looked at blocks of flats in 2 london boroughs
- she recommended that :
1. we dont build high risk block flats
2. exsisting blocks should be given their own private space
3. remove overhead walkways as it increases visibility - found a 50% decrease in crime
CPTED and Right Realism - SCP
- looks at the cause of crime and how situation changes can prevent crime
- SCP - reduces the opportunity to commit crime
- target hardening - makes people weigh up the odds of committing the crime
- design out crime - slopped benches etc
Rational Choice Theory
- people act rationally and make calculated choices of whether to commit crime
- make them really question if its worth it, improve effort and likelihood of getting caught etc
Felson’s Routine Activity
- ’ opportunity makes thief ‘
- crime would happen if :
- there is a suitable target
- no guardian
- motivated offender
Prison Design
- reduces the impact of crime
Panopticon :
- ‘ all-seeing ‘
- allows the observer to view all prisoners but they cannot tell they are being watched
- achieves social control through ‘ self-surveillance ‘ and makes prisoners behave themselves and are ‘ self-disciplined ‘
Surveillance Theory :
- important way in achieving social control
- if people know they are being watched, they are more likely to behave
Token Economies :
- based on B.F’s Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory
- rewards become reinforcers and will limit undesirable behavior
Dark Figure of Crime
Gaps In State Provision
- amount of unreported or unrecorded crime
- perpetrator remains unpunished
- two stats include :
- official crime stats - from police which is collected and data analysed
- self report / surveys - crime survey for E+W - provides idea of crime being committed but not reported
Gaps :
- amount of unreported crimes is assumed to be larger than those reported to the police
- may be impacted by budget cuts and the scope of crimes being investigated is too low
