3.2-contribution of agencies in social control

Question 1

in environmental design what do criminologists argue

Answer 1

environments can affect the lvl of crime by
1. influencing potential offenders
2. affecting ppls ability to excercise self control to their surroundings

Question 2

what are defensible+indefensible spaces?

Answer 2

indefensible=crime more likely to occur like public spaces e.g stairwells that belong to/observed by anyone
defensible= areas w/clear boundries who is suppose ot be there

Question 3

what RS backs up the idea that indefensible spaces=more crime

Answer 3

55% of all crimes= occurred in public spaces in NY study e.g lifts/lobbies

Question 4

what are the 4 characteristics that defensible spaces have that make them less likely to have crime?

Answer 4

1.territoriality
2. natural surveillance
3. safe image
4. safe location

Question 5

explain how these two reduce crime rate: territoriality+natural surveillance

Answer 5

T= environment encourages a sense of ownership+they control it
NS= features of buildings allow residents to identify+observe strangers e.g cul-de-sacs can view each others home whereas high blocks=concealed entrances. offender go unseen

Question 6

explain how these two reduce crime: safe image+safe location

Answer 6

SI= buildings should give the impression of a safe neighbourhood where residents look after each other. neg image area will be labelled neg+targeted
SL= neighbourhoods located in the middle of wider crime-free area= insulaed by the outside world-moat of safety

Question 7

Who created the crime prevention through environmental design approach based of new man’s ideas?

Answer 7

C.R Jeffrey - alter environ will reduce crime

Question 8

What was alices colemans RS? what features encouraged crime?

Answer 8

Had a similar approach analysed 4099 blocks of flats in London. Concluded: poor design features encourage crime+ASB. Found 3 design features tat were related to crime
1. Anonymity
2. Lack of surveillance
3 easy escape

Question 9

What did Alice Coleman suggest after her study of the block of flats in London?

Answer 9

• no more blocks oof flats should be built
• overhead walkways should be removed
• very exsisting block should have a priv space to look after

Question 10

What was the result of Alice Coleman’s ideas of trying to deisgn crime out?

Answer 10

Overhead walkways=removed in 1 state=50% reduction in crime, some police forces employ architects liaison officers to build in crime prevention features in the design stage

Question 11

What is an example of CPTED+how do they work?

Answer 11

Gated lanes, lockable gates installed 2 prevent offender gaining access to alleyways

Question 12

How do gated lanes work in terms of preventing crime?(4)

Answer 12

• create a sense of terrorality by residents
• physical barrier= incr effort to commit crime
• offenders can use excuse they thought it was a public space
• open-alleys= broken windows issue, uncared for, gateslanes=shows cared for

Question 13

What are 3 limitations of gated lanes?

Answer 13

• doesn’t prevent crime within the gated area, only decr. Offenders from coming in from outside
• difficulty installing gates if alley=public right of way/several owners who need too agree, need full commmitment
• restrict access 4 emergency service=refuse collectors

Question 14

What right realism theories do CPTED link to?

Answer 14

• situational crime prevention
• Felton’s routine activity
  -RCT

Question 15

How does CPTED link to the RCT?

Answer 15

Offenders act rationally e.g if intrudes feel they will be challenged by residents=less likely to try

Question 16

How does CPTED link to situational crime prevention?

Answer 16

Like situational crime prevention, CPTED involves target hardening by changing the physical environment to make it harder to commit crime

Question 17

How does CPTED link to felons routine activity?

Answer 17

FRAT emphasises important of a capable guardian protecting potential crime targets. CPTED: involves natural surveillance by neighbours acting as a guardian

Question 18

What are 3 criticisms of CPTED?

Answer 18

-focuses on defence from outsiders who come in 2 offend. Insiders commit crime 2 e.g DA
- cannot recent offences that don’t involve physical intrusion e.g cybercrime,fraud
- cup-de-sacs= defensible spaces but ma not be defended e.g if residents at work=no surveillance, highlights how social factors can interact w/ environs ones
- reputation rather than its design ma be cause of inc CR

Question 19

What does Foucault argue about today’s society? ( related to environmental design)

Answer 19

We are increasingly controlled through self-surveillance

Question 20

What is the design of the panopticon?

Answer 20

Prisoners cells=visible to guards from central viewing point e.g watchtower. Prisoners cannot see guards so unaware of whether being watched so must constantly behav. Discipline themselves

Question 21

what are behavioural tactics?

Answer 21

ways in whcih agencies can see to change individuals behav to make them conform to social norms+values

Question 22

what are the two types of behavioural tactics?

Answer 22

• ASBOs+ criminal behaviour orders
• token economies

Question 23

what are the purpose of ASBOs? who introduced them

Answer 23

• tony blairs new gov
  -civil orders, not criminal order to restrain a person from committing actions that threaten the legal rights of another

Question 24

how many years prison if you breach an ASBO?

Answer 24

up to 5 years

Question 25

what statistics show ASBOs werent working?

Answer 25

between 2000-2013 tey were issued to 24,000 people but 58% breached conditions

Question 26

what did labelling theory argue about why ASBOs werent working?

Answer 26

they lead to self-fulffilling prophecy. internalise label becomes part of their identity and live up to it, earning status from peers. ‘badge of honour’ for youths reinforcing not reducing

Question 27

what were ASBOs replaced with?

Answer 27

criminal behaviour orders

Question 28

what are criminal behaviour orders?

Answer 28

deal with serious anti-social behaviour. last 1-2 years. breach= up to 5 yrs prison adults, 2 U18s. have pos requirements e.g drug treat+neg requirements such as restrictions to places

Question 29

strength of token economies

Answer 29

work while in instituion: holt studied 125 boys in correlctional institution- behav changed throughout 14month study

Question 30

what are 3 limitations of token economy?

Answer 30

• reinforcemnt stops, good behav too.
• makes them more manageable but doesnt meet rehab needs
• programme works simply bc of extra attention prisoners receive+rules spelled out more clearly not bc of tokens

Question 31

what are the 3 concepts under gaps of state provision?

Answer 31

• dark figure of crime
  -resources
  -new tech

Question 32

what % of crime is reported

Answer 32

40%

Question 33

what are the statistics on the amount of rapes and DA reported

Answer 33

• 1/4 rapes
• 2.3 million DA occuring, 759,000 recorded

Question 34

how much staff did these lose? police, CPS,prison

Answer 34

police-20,000
CPS-1/3
prison- 15%

Question 34

what are the % of budget cuts for police, CPS, prison

Answer 34

police- 19%
CPS-25%
prison- 16%