3.2-contribution of agencies in social control Flashcards
in environmental design what do criminologists argue
environments can affect the lvl of crime by
1. influencing potential offenders
2. affecting ppls ability to excercise self control to their surroundings
what are defensible+indefensible spaces?
indefensible=crime more likely to occur like public spaces e.g stairwells that belong to/observed by anyone
defensible= areas w/clear boundries who is suppose ot be there
what RS backs up the idea that indefensible spaces=more crime
55% of all crimes= occurred in public spaces in NY study e.g lifts/lobbies
what are the 4 characteristics that defensible spaces have that make them less likely to have crime?
1.territoriality
2. natural surveillance
3. safe image
4. safe location
explain how these two reduce crime rate: territoriality+natural surveillance
T= environment encourages a sense of ownership+they control it
NS= features of buildings allow residents to identify+observe strangers e.g cul-de-sacs can view each others home whereas high blocks=concealed entrances. offender go unseen
explain how these two reduce crime: safe image+safe location
SI= buildings should give the impression of a safe neighbourhood where residents look after each other. neg image area will be labelled neg+targeted
SL= neighbourhoods located in the middle of wider crime-free area= insulaed by the outside world-moat of safety
Who created the crime prevention through environmental design approach based of new man’s ideas?
C.R Jeffrey - alter environ will reduce crime
What was alices colemans RS? what features encouraged crime?
Had a similar approach analysed 4099 blocks of flats in London. Concluded: poor design features encourage crime+ASB. Found 3 design features tat were related to crime
1. Anonymity
2. Lack of surveillance
3 easy escape
What did Alice Coleman suggest after her study of the block of flats in London?
- no more blocks oof flats should be built
- overhead walkways should be removed
- very exsisting block should have a priv space to look after
What was the result of Alice Coleman’s ideas of trying to deisgn crime out?
Overhead walkways=removed in 1 state=50% reduction in crime, some police forces employ architects liaison officers to build in crime prevention features in the design stage
What is an example of CPTED+how do they work?
Gated lanes, lockable gates installed 2 prevent offender gaining access to alleyways
How do gated lanes work in terms of preventing crime?(4)
- create a sense of terrorality by residents
- physical barrier= incr effort to commit crime
- offenders can use excuse they thought it was a public space
- open-alleys= broken windows issue, uncared for, gateslanes=shows cared for
What are 3 limitations of gated lanes?
- doesn’t prevent crime within the gated area, only decr. Offenders from coming in from outside
- difficulty installing gates if alley=public right of way/several owners who need too agree, need full commmitment
- restrict access 4 emergency service=refuse collectors
What right realism theories do CPTED link to?
- situational crime prevention
- Felton’s routine activity
-RCT
How does CPTED link to the RCT?
Offenders act rationally e.g if intrudes feel they will be challenged by residents=less likely to try
How does CPTED link to situational crime prevention?
Like situational crime prevention, CPTED involves target hardening by changing the physical environment to make it harder to commit crime
How does CPTED link to felons routine activity?
FRAT emphasises important of a capable guardian protecting potential crime targets. CPTED: involves natural surveillance by neighbours acting as a guardian
What are 3 criticisms of CPTED?
-focuses on defence from outsiders who come in 2 offend. Insiders commit crime 2 e.g DA
- cannot recent offences that don’t involve physical intrusion e.g cybercrime,fraud
- cup-de-sacs= defensible spaces but ma not be defended e.g if residents at work=no surveillance, highlights how social factors can interact w/ environs ones
- reputation rather than its design ma be cause of inc CR
What does Foucault argue about today’s society? ( related to environmental design)
We are increasingly controlled through self-surveillance
What is the design of the panopticon?
Prisoners cells=visible to guards from central viewing point e.g watchtower. Prisoners cannot see guards so unaware of whether being watched so must constantly behav. Discipline themselves
what are behavioural tactics?
ways in whcih agencies can see to change individuals behav to make them conform to social norms+values
what are the two types of behavioural tactics?
- ASBOs+ criminal behaviour orders
- token economies
what are the purpose of ASBOs? who introduced them
- tony blairs new gov
-civil orders, not criminal order to restrain a person from committing actions that threaten the legal rights of another
how many years prison if you breach an ASBO?
up to 5 years
what statistics show ASBOs werent working?
between 2000-2013 tey were issued to 24,000 people but 58% breached conditions
what did labelling theory argue about why ASBOs werent working?
they lead to self-fulffilling prophecy. internalise label becomes part of their identity and live up to it, earning status from peers. ‘badge of honour’ for youths reinforcing not reducing
what were ASBOs replaced with?
criminal behaviour orders
what are criminal behaviour orders?
deal with serious anti-social behaviour. last 1-2 years. breach= up to 5 yrs prison adults, 2 U18s. have pos requirements e.g drug treat+neg requirements such as restrictions to places
strength of token economies
work while in instituion: holt studied 125 boys in correlctional institution- behav changed throughout 14month study
what are 3 limitations of token economy?
- reinforcemnt stops, good behav too.
- makes them more manageable but doesnt meet rehab needs
- programme works simply bc of extra attention prisoners receive+rules spelled out more clearly not bc of tokens
what are the 3 concepts under gaps of state provision?
- dark figure of crime
-resources
-new tech
what % of crime is reported
40%
what are the statistics on the amount of rapes and DA reported
- 1/4 rapes
- 2.3 million DA occuring, 759,000 recorded
how much staff did these lose? police, CPS,prison
police-20,000
CPS-1/3
prison- 15%
what are the % of budget cuts for police, CPS, prison
police- 19%
CPS-25%
prison- 16%