3.1.6 Energy and ATP Flashcards
What comprises a single molecule of ATP?
Nucleotide formed from:
A molecule of ribose
A molecule of adenine
Three phosphate groups
What are the products of the hydrolysis of ATP?
ADP
An inorganic phosphate group (Pi)
Energy
What enzyme catalyses the break down of ATP?
ATP hydrolase
Why is the hydrolysis of ATP a useful reaction?
It releases energy within cells
How is the inorganic phosphate produced by the hydrolysis of ATP used?
Phosphorylation of other compounds
this can make them more reactive
How is ATP resynthesised?
Condensation of ADP and Pi
Which enzyme catalyses the synthesis of ATP?
ATP synthase
When does the re-synthesis of ATP occur?
During photosynthesis
During respiration
When phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules to ADP
What is phosphorylation?
Addition of a phosphate group on to another molecule
What is energy?
The ability to do work
Name some forms of energy?
Sound Chemical Gravitational potential Kinetic Thermal Electric Elastic potential Light
Can energy be produced?
Transformed from one form to another
Can’t be created or destroyed
What is the measurement for energy?
Joules (J)
What is the law of conservation of energy?
Energy cannot be crated or destroyed, only transferred from one store to another.
Is ATP energy?
It is a store of energy, not energy itself
Describe the molecule of ATP.
A phosphorylated macromolecule
What is the main reactant for energy?
ATP
NOT glucose.
Describe adenine.
2 ring structure
Lots of nitrogen
Alkaline properties
Describe the bonding between phosphate groups of ATP.
Unstable bonds with low activation energy are easily broken
Broken bonds release a lot of energy
Which phosphate bind releases the most energy?
The one furthest from the ribose
between phosphate 2 and 3
What 3 parts is the ATP nucleotide made up of?
Pentose sugar (ribose)
Base (adenine)
3 phosphate groups
Describe the two ways ATP can be drawn.
2 circles
Rectangle
3 ovals
Rectangle
Pentagon
3 circles
How is ATP made in respiration?
From glucose
38 ATP molecules made from 1 glucose molecule
Is hydrolysis an endothermic or exothermic reaction?
Exothermic
What do you call ADP and an inorganic phosphate group together?
Adenosine Di-phosphate
Describe synthesising ATP.
Reverse reaction
Endothermic
Condensation reaction
How does ATP being unstable affect its reactions?
There is only ever a 3 second supply in a cell
Continuously formed and broken down
Immediate energy source
Describe an inorganic phosphate group.
Not alive just matter
Floating in cytoplasm
Name the three ways phosphorylation occurs.
Photophosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation
What is photo phosphorylation?
Come from light
Energy in photosynthesis
Takes place in chlorophyll containing plant cells during photosynthesis
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Occurs in mitochondria of plant and animal cells
Occurs during the process of electron transport
(oil rig- oxidation is loss)
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
Occurs in plant and animal cells
Occurs when phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules to ADP to make ATP
Why is ATP a good, immediate source of energy?
Energy is released in a simple single step reaction
Releases energy on breakdown/hydrolysis in small amounts so is suitable for jobs that need doing immediately
Can be readily moved as it is soluble
Why is ATP efficient?
It can’t be stored
ATP is a source of energy for which 5 things?
Metabolic processes Movement Active transport Secretion Activation of molecules
How does ATP energy release aid metabolic processes?
Build up macromolecules from their basic units
How does ATP energy release aid movement?
Energy used to slide muscle filaments over each other to shorten muscle fibres
Muscle contraction
How does ATP energy release aid active transport?
Energy needed to change the shape of carrier proteins in cell membrane to transport ions against their concentration gradient
How does ATP synthesis aid secretion?
ATP needed to form lysosomes necessary to secrete all cell products
How does ATP hydrolysis aid activation of molecules?
Inorganic phosphate used to phosphorylate other compounds to make them more reactive
Lowering activation energy in enzyme catalysed reactions
Eg addition of phosphate to glucose molecules at the start of glycolysis
