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Biology- Porteous > 3.1.6 Energy and ATP > Flashcards

3.1.6 Energy and ATP Flashcards

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1
Q

What comprises a single molecule of ATP?

A

Nucleotide formed from:
A molecule of ribose
A molecule of adenine
Three phosphate groups

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2
Q

What are the products of the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

ADP
An inorganic phosphate group (Pi)
Energy

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3
Q

What enzyme catalyses the break down of ATP?

A

ATP hydrolase

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4
Q

Why is the hydrolysis of ATP a useful reaction?

A

It releases energy within cells

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5
Q

How is the inorganic phosphate produced by the hydrolysis of ATP used?

A

Phosphorylation of other compounds

this can make them more reactive

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6
Q

How is ATP resynthesised?

A

Condensation of ADP and Pi

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7
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the synthesis of ATP?

A

ATP synthase

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8
Q

When does the re-synthesis of ATP occur?

A

During photosynthesis
During respiration
When phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules to ADP

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9
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Addition of a phosphate group on to another molecule

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10
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to do work

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11
Q

Name some forms of energy?

A 
Sound
Chemical
Gravitational potential
Kinetic
Thermal
Electric
Elastic potential
Light
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12
Q

Can energy be produced?

A

Transformed from one form to another

Can’t be created or destroyed

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13
Q

What is the measurement for energy?

A

Joules (J)

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14
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy?

A

Energy cannot be crated or destroyed, only transferred from one store to another.

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15
Q

Is ATP energy?

A

It is a store of energy, not energy itself

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16
Q

Describe the molecule of ATP.

A

A phosphorylated macromolecule

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17
Q

What is the main reactant for energy?

A

ATP

NOT glucose.

18
Q

Describe adenine.

A

2 ring structure
Lots of nitrogen
Alkaline properties

19
Q

Describe the bonding between phosphate groups of ATP.

A

Unstable bonds with low activation energy are easily broken

Broken bonds release a lot of energy

20
Q

Which phosphate bind releases the most energy?

A

The one furthest from the ribose

between phosphate 2 and 3

21
Q

What 3 parts is the ATP nucleotide made up of?

A

Pentose sugar (ribose)
Base (adenine)
3 phosphate groups

22
Q

Describe the two ways ATP can be drawn.

A

2 circles
Rectangle
3 ovals

Rectangle
Pentagon
3 circles

23
Q

How is ATP made in respiration?

A

From glucose

38 ATP molecules made from 1 glucose molecule

24
Q

Is hydrolysis an endothermic or exothermic reaction?

A

Exothermic

25
Q

What do you call ADP and an inorganic phosphate group together?

A

Adenosine Di-phosphate

26
Q

Describe synthesising ATP.

A

Reverse reaction
Endothermic
Condensation reaction

27
Q

How does ATP being unstable affect its reactions?

A

There is only ever a 3 second supply in a cell
Continuously formed and broken down
Immediate energy source

28
Q

Describe an inorganic phosphate group.

A

Not alive just matter

Floating in cytoplasm

29
Q

Name the three ways phosphorylation occurs.

A

Photophosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation

30
Q

What is photo phosphorylation?

A

Come from light
Energy in photosynthesis
Takes place in chlorophyll containing plant cells during photosynthesis

31
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Occurs in mitochondria of plant and animal cells
Occurs during the process of electron transport
(oil rig- oxidation is loss)

32
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

Occurs in plant and animal cells

Occurs when phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules to ADP to make ATP

33
Q

Why is ATP a good, immediate source of energy?

A

Energy is released in a simple single step reaction
Releases energy on breakdown/hydrolysis in small amounts so is suitable for jobs that need doing immediately
Can be readily moved as it is soluble

34
Q

Why is ATP efficient?

A

It can’t be stored

35
Q

ATP is a source of energy for which 5 things?

A 
Metabolic processes
Movement
Active transport
Secretion
Activation of molecules
36
Q

How does ATP energy release aid metabolic processes?

A

Build up macromolecules from their basic units

37
Q

How does ATP energy release aid movement?

A

Energy used to slide muscle filaments over each other to shorten muscle fibres
Muscle contraction

38
Q

How does ATP energy release aid active transport?

A

Energy needed to change the shape of carrier proteins in cell membrane to transport ions against their concentration gradient

39
Q

How does ATP synthesis aid secretion?

A

ATP needed to form lysosomes necessary to secrete all cell products

40
Q

How does ATP hydrolysis aid activation of molecules?

A

Inorganic phosphate used to phosphorylate other compounds to make them more reactive
Lowering activation energy in enzyme catalysed reactions
Eg addition of phosphate to glucose molecules at the start of glycolysis

Biology- Porteous (14 decks)

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