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Biology- Porteous > 3.1.2 Carbohydrates > Flashcards

3.1.2 Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the monomers of a carbohydrate called?

A

Monosaccharides

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2
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

A molecule made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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3
Q

What are the three main functions of a carbohydrate?

A

Energy (for respiration)
Structural (e.g. cell walls)
Storage

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4
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A subunit (individual smaller molecules) that form polymers when put together in chains

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5
Q

Give three examples of a monosaccharide.

A

Glucose, galactose and fructose

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6
Q

What type of reaction forms a disaccharide?

A

Condensation

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7
Q

What type of bond is formed in a condensation reaction?

A

Glycosidic bond

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8
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

The condensation of two monosaccharides

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9
Q

How is maltose formed?

A

The condensation of two glucose molecules

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10
Q

How is sucrose formed?

A

The condensation of a glucose and fructose molecule

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11
Q

How is lactose formed?

A

The condensation of a glucose and galactose molecule

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12
Q

What are the two isomers of glucose?

A

Alpha and beta

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13
Q

What is the name for a “OH” group?

A

Hydroxyl group

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14
Q

What is the order of the hydroxyl groups in alpha glucose?

A

Down
Up
Down
Down

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15
Q

What is the order of the hydroxyl groups in beta glucose?

A

Down
Up
Down
Up

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16
Q

How are polysaccharides formed?

A

By the condensation of many glucose units

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17
Q

Name two polysaccharide formed by the condensation of alpha glucose?

A

Glycogen

Starch

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18
Q

How is the polysaccharide cellulose formed?

A

Condensation of beta glucose

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19
Q

What’s the general formula of a monosaccharide?

A

(CH2O)n

20
Q

What makes glucose a hexose sugar?

A

It has 6 carbon molecules

21
Q

What is the formula of glucose?

A

C6H12O6

22
Q

Where can cellulose be found?

A

Cell wall

23
Q

What makes cellulose useful for its function?

A

Beta glucose is bonded by a condensation reaction to form glycosidic bonds between each unit (alternate upside down upright)
These straight chains of beta glucose are linked by many weak hydrogen bonds which forms a strong bond as there are so many
These form microfibrils which form fibres to make up cellulose
The strength means it’s useful in cell walls because when the cell becomes turgid it won’t burst due to the strength

24
Q

Describe starch?

A 
Alpha glucose
1-4 and 1-6
Energy store 
In plants
Compact
Large surface area
25
Q

Describe glycogen?

A 
Alpha glucose
1-4 and 1-6
Energy store
In animals
Compact
Large surface area (branched)
Insoluble
26
Q

Describe cellulose?

A 
Beta glucose
1-4
Makes up cell wall
Strong
Rigid/flexible
In plants
27
Q

Why is glycogen useful in animal cells?

A

Glycogen is branched so glucose can be made at a faster rate
More ends are worked on by enzymes simultaneously
Animals need more glucose for respiration as they’re more active that plants

28
Q

Name a reducing sugar?

A

Glucose

29
Q

What is the test for reducing sugars?

A

Add Benedict’s reagent to the sample
Heat the mixture in a water bath until a change is seen
Brick-red precipitate indicated the presence of a reducing sugar
(Stays blue otherwise)

30
Q

Name a non-reducing sugar?

A

Sucrose

31
Q

What is the test for a job reducing sugar?

A 
Benedict’s reagent to sample
Heat in water bath
Observe no change (blue)
Add hydrochloric acid to sample
Heat in water bath
Add sodium hydrogencarbonate to the tube
Add Benedict’s again
Observe a brick red precipitate in the presence of a non-reducing sugar.
32
Q

What property of carbon atoms allowed sequences of various lengths to be built?

A

They readily form bonds with other carbon atoms

33
Q

What is the collective name for carbon containing molecules?

A

Organic molecules

34
Q

Why is life based on a small number of chemical elements?

A

In living organisms there are relatively few atoms that attach to carbon

35
Q

In the general formula for a monosaccharide what is the value of n?

A

Anything from 3 to 7

36
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

A sugar that can donate electrons (or reduce) to another chemical
(When tested for they donate to Benedict’s reagent)

37
Q

Why is the bonding of two monosaccharides called a condensation reaction?

A

A molecule of water is removed

38
Q

What is the hydrolysis of a disaccharide?

A

Addition of water that causes breakdown into two monosaccharides (under suitable conditions)

39
Q

Why is sodium hydrocarbonate added when testing for non-reducing sugars?

A

To neutralise the hydrochloric acid previously added which hydrolysed any disaccharides into their monosaccharides

40
Q

What makes polysaccharides suitable for storage?

A

They are very large molecules which makes them insoluble

41
Q

Where is starch found?

A

In plants in the form of small granules

Eg starch grains in chloroplasts

42
Q

How is starch tested for?

A

Add potassium iodide solution
Shake or stir
Changes blue-black in the presence of starch

43
Q

What is a benefit of starch being insoluble?

A

It doesn’t affect water potential

So water is not drawn into the cells by osmosis

44
Q

What is the benefit of starch being made of alpha glucose?

A

When hydrolysed it forms alpha glucose
This is easily transported
And readily used in respiration

45
Q

Why it the branched form of starch effective is glucose release?

A

There are more ends
More ends can be acted on by enzymes simultaneously
Glucose monomers released rapidly

46
Q

Where are the two main places glycogen is stored as small granules?

A

Muscles

Liver

Biology- Porteous (14 decks)

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