3.1.5 - contributing factors

Question 1

Biological factors

Answer 1

Body weight, blood pressure, blood cholesterol, birth weight, genetics.

Question 2

Body weight

Answer 2

How much a person weights.
Health concerns = high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, impaired glucose regulation, cvd, t2d, social exclusion, etc.

Question 3

Blood pressure

Answer 3

Measure of the pressure applied to the blood vessel walls as blood circulates around the body + increase in pressure when the heart contracts, and blood is pushed around the body.

Question 4

High blood pressure

Answer 4

The blood does not flow through the blood vessels as easily + the heart and kidneys have to work harder.
- Risk factors - high BMI, smoking, excessive alcohol, lack of physical activity, etc.
Health concerns - CVD, kidney failure.

Question 5

Blood cholesterol

Answer 5

Cholesterol = type of fat.

Question 6

High blood cholesterol

Answer 6

Too much LDL cholesterol (low-density lipoproteins), blocking the arteries. Incidence increases with age.
- Risk factors - excessive alcohol, diet it high in trans/sat fat, smoking, etc.
- Health concerns - CVD.

Question 7

Glucose regulation

Answer 7

Glucose is the sugar found in food used as fuel within the cells + obtained from breaking down CHO.
- CHO eaten = gluc absorbed into BS = BG levels rise = insulin released from pancreas to allow gluc to travel from BS into the cells to be used for energy.

Question 8

Impaired glucose regulation

Answer 8

Cells become resistant to the act of insulin, preventing glucose from being absorbed into the cells.
- Risk factors - genetic predisposition, high BMI, smoking, high fat diet, etc.
- Health concerns - T2D, CVC, kidney disease, premature death.

Question 9

Birth weight

Answer 9

How much a baby weighs when they are born.

Question 10

Low birth weight

Answer 10

Born weighing less than 2.5kg.
- Risk factors - premature birth, mother’s nutrition, mother’s age, smoking + alcohol during pregnancy, etc.
- Health concerns - underdeveloped immune system, premature death, significant disabilities, high BP CVD + T2D (in adulthood)

Question 11

Genetics

Answer 11

Genetic material contained in the body cells controlling many aspects of life that influence health status (eg. sex, hormone production).

Question 12

Genetics - sex

Answer 12

Certain conditions are exclusive or more common in one sex due to biological differences (eg. breast cancer in females).

Question 13

Genetics - hormones

Answer 13

• Oestrogen - needed for regulation of menstrual cycle in women + helps maintain bone density in women (decreased during menopause = osteoporosis).
• Testosterone - responsible for male sex characteristics + production of sperm, role in increasing risk-taking behaviours + aggression in males.

Question 14

Sociocultural factors

Answer 14

SES, unemployment, social exclusion, social isolation, cultural norms, food security, early life experiences, access to healthcare.

Question 15

SES

Answer 15

The social standing of an individual in comparison to others in that society.
- Income - inability to access resources.
- Occupation - increase risk of injuries, sedentary in nature = reduce physical activity.
- Education - increase health literacy.

Question 16

Unemployment

Answer 16

Job insecurity/not having a source of income.
- Illness can cause + be a result.
- Increased stress + anxiety (leads to suicide, lung cancer, CVD, etc).

Question 17

Social exclusion

Answer 17

The segregation people experience if they aer not adequately participating in the society in which they live.
- Increased - risk-taking behaviours, mental disorders, family breakdown, low income, homelessness, (causes are often results).

Question 18

Social isolation

Answer 18

Refers to individual’s who aren’t in regular contact with others.

Question 19

Cultural norms

Answer 19

Relates to customs, ideas, values + traditions of a particular society that are passed through generations.
- Gender stereotypes - male macho.
- Food/dietary intake - influences consumption.
- Attitudes + beliefs - toward education, employment, recreation, health, healthcare.

Question 20

Food security

Answer 20

The state in which all person’s obtained nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly + through non-emergency sources.

Question 21

Food insecurity

Answer 21

When health, affordable food is not attainable.
- Lead to deficiency diseases, cheaper food can be more processed/higher sugar, fat, etc.
Food plenty - diet related diseases from eating too much (CVD, T2D).

Question 22

Early life experiences

Answer 22

Before birth - maternal tobacco, alcohol, + drug use = significant impact on child (low BW, increase risk of infections, etc).
After birth - optimal growth + strong emotional attachment in early years.

Question 23

Access to healthcare

Answer 23

Access to services that promote + preserve H+WB, and which diagnose, treat, and/or manage disease/injury.
- Limiting factors - geographical proximity, financial position, culture, health literacy.

Question 24

Environmental factors

Answer 24

Housing, work environment, urban design + infrastructure, climate + climate change.

Question 25

Housing

Answer 25

Shelter
- Ventilation + hygiene = respiratory + asthma related symptoms.
- Design + safety = injuries.
- Overcrowding = infections + communal diseases.
- Sleeping conditions = inadequate energy levels.
- Security = stress + anxiety.
- Pollutants = respiratory conditions.

Question 26

Work environment

Answer 26

Physical environment of the workplace/place of employment.
- Impact HS through - UV exposure, dangerous working conditions, exposure to hazardous substances, use of protection equipment.

Question 27

Urban design + infrastructure

Answer 27

• Geographical location of resources.
• Infrastructure

Question 28

Geographical location of resources

Answer 28

• Access to goods + services
• Proximity to fast food outlets = increase or decrease consumption.
• Industrial sites located near residential areas = increased air + noise pollution + increased stress + anxiety.

Question 29

Infrastructure

Answer 29

• Adequately maintained roads + traffic systems.
• Public transport systems = increase access.
• Info + communication technologies = maintain social connections, decrease risk of social isolation/exclusion.

Question 30

Climate + climate change

Answer 30

Climate - Aus has a dry climate = bushfire susceptibility, UV levels, etc.
Climate change - human settlement, industrialisation, land-clearing (all contribute).