315 chapter 9 Flashcards
extrinsic motivation and incentive value
have more of something desirable is good. to have less of its bad. something indesirable is bad, to have less if good
reinforcers and punishers
reinforcers and punishers= good/bad contingent consequences of behavior. If behavior, then reinforcer/punisher. If no behavior, then no reinforcer/punisher
giving (+) but something bad
poitive punishment- behavior is weakend
giving (+) but something good
positive reinforcer- behavior is strengthened
taking away (-) but something bad
negative reinforcer- behavior is strengthened
taking away (-) but something good
negative punishment- behavior is weakenend
reinforcers
behavioral consequences (rewards) that select behavior (increase frequency of behavior)
punisher
behavioral consequences (penalties) that deselect behavior (decreases frequency of behavior)
incentives
anticipated external stimulus that motivate behaviors to occurpo
positive incentive
anticipated rewards (reinforcers that motivate approach behavior- hiring bonus)
negative incentive
resemble threats/ anticipated punishers that motivate avoidance behaviors (speed cameras/tickets)
incentive values
attractiveness of incentive based on objective properties (# or amount)`
utility
subjective value of an incentive based on it providing satisfaction, pleasure, and usefulness
object/subjective value
willignness to accept price (sell price)= subjective value of incentive > willingness to pay price (buy price)= subjective value of incentive gain
fetchners law
relationship between objective/subjective incentive value (utility) such that equal increasaes objective value, produce smaller and smaller increases in subjective value (utility)
anticipated gains
positive incentives
anticipated loses
negative incentives
losses
felt more strongly than gains
prospect theory
losses loom larger than gains, the loss of something is more dissatisfying than gain of it is satisfying
value function curve
equal objective gain and losses result in unequal psychological reaction, greater motivation to prevent the loss
loss aversion
tendency to not want to experience the unpleasantness of loss; gain is preferred. motivated using locks gaurding ones money/phone, # of varibales that affect subjective value of incentive
amount
incentive amoun: quantity/# of incentives increase their value (A is more valued then a B)
substitution effect
an increase in price of one incentive/reinforcer leads to increase demand for different incentive/reinforcer to replace original one
contrast effect
motivational impact of incentive depends on how it compares to prior/other incentives
incentive contrast
change in motivation depends on how current incentive differs in value from prior incentives
postive incentive contrast
upward shift in incentive value, motivated behavior increases (16 to 18 an hours)
negative incentive contrast
downward shift in incentive value, motivated behavior decreases (20-18 an hour)
law of hedonic contrast
subjective feelings that accompany incentive contrast. + contrast produces pleasant feelings; - contrast produces unpleasant feelings; contrasted incentive must be in same category as intrinsic they compared with
IKEA effect
people value more of product they made themselves compared to when made by others
temporal motivation theory
how far an incentive is available in future determining value/utility of incentive; integrates how incentive utility changes temporarily. utility is based on value of expected incentive and delay of incentive
incentive delay interval
incentive becomes available
delay discounting
process by which future incentive is represented in present at marked down value
procrastination
delay in goal-directed behavior, despite knowing that one will be worse off as a result, people differ in extent they procrastinate
general procrastination scale
measures the trait tendency of individual to procrastinate
preference reversal
change in preference from 1 incentive to another as result of change in their discounted values, based on change in incentive delay intervals (25 now or 50 in 2 weeks)
common currency
a shared dimension/basis on which a dimension is based. money and pleasure for making choice like people buying things and choice between immediate/delay reward
intrinsic motivation
behavior isn’t coerced by external sources- motivation is inherent in behavior (intrinsic motivation inventory)
extrinsic motivation
behavior is coerced by external sources (grade, money)
means end fusion model
intrinsic motivation depends on how close together behavior/means and its end-state experience (rewards) occur
functional autonomy of motives
outcome of process that involved the transition from extrinsically motivated behavior to intrinsically behavior (running to lose weight but then doing it because you liek it)
curiosity
source of intrinsic motivation that aids in exploring and learning about ones environment
effectance motivation
motive to actively interact and control ones enviornment
flow
pleasurable subjective state that stems from being completely involved in challenging activity that matches one skill
cognitive evaluation theory
person evaluates reason for their behavior- if behavior attributed to external incentive then when incentive is removed, intrinsic interest declines
quantity `
how much is accomplished; extrinsic motivation increases this
quality
how well something is accomplished; intrinsic motivation increases this
motivation orientation
refers to when person’s consistently directed toward an intrinsic/extrinsic source of motivation; can be motivated by both sources
extrinsically oriented
work for rewards like study for the A
intrinsically oriented
work is own reward like studying for pleasure of learning
