315 chapter 10 Flashcards
henry murray goals
we adopt goals to fulfill physiological/psychological needs, people need external sources of pressure to fulfill goals; environment/culture where we were raised in influences the types of goals we set
self set goal
one we chose for ourself
assigned goals
give to us by others
mindset theory of action
individuals set their minds on goal selection and behaviors necessary to achieve that selected goal
goal
image of future outcome of an object, behavior, feeling. person commits to it which motivates and guides behavior
incentive in goals
boosts motivation for goal acheivement, focus remains on goal but give it a boost
subgoal
immediate steps toward achieving a final goal, resemble individual stairs for reaching desired floor (final goal)
smart goals
specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, timely
selecting goals
1- value/importance of potential goal
2-probability of achieving selected goals
3- amount of effort required to achieve goal
levels of aspiration
person desire to excel, do better then the next time, do better than others
goals as external rewards
anything concrete can become positive goal, avoiding negative events can become a goal (recieving criticism)
external reward
foals resemble extrinsic motivation
goals that produce satisfaction
physiological need have positive valence= psychological demands for goals
valence
subjective value of goal/attractiveness of goal (how much a goal is wanted)
affective forecasting
predicting subjective feeling that goal achievement will provide. + affect are approached, - are avoided
self efficacy
belief in ones own capability of successfully performing a specific task/achieving a specific goal (albert bandura), success/failure can raise/lower self efficacy
social comparison
comparing with others determines level of goal a person sets for themself
role models as goals
people inspire, show what’s possible, and model goal-achievement behaviors, membership in group determined that person accept the goal of group
goal level
goal value, rank of goal in hierarchy of potential goals; higher level goal=more difficult to achieve
goal difficulty
how hard goal is to achieve, which depends on goal level
goal specificity
how clear, precise a goal is stated in contrast to a goal being vague; greater goal specificity serves as better guide for behavior (“do your best” goals lack specificity)
goal level and goal specificity
level determines goals energizing function, specificity determines a goal diverting function; high levels=motivate more achievement; vague goals produce more variability in achievement behavior
effort discounting
effort required to achieve a goal subtracted from value of goal, discounted value determines whether goal is worth the effort to achieve
expectancy value theory
examines expectancy value and tehir combination for goal motivation (julian rotter- locus of control)
expected utility theory
goal selection is based on utility/usefulness of goal, subjective probability- belief thats particular goal will be achieve, EU x subjective probability
framing
perspective from which to view a goal; goal viewed as a gain or goal viewed as avoiding a loss
prospect theory
expected utilities are considered prospect-loss is more strongly felt than gain
risk aversion
people are reluctant to take risks in regards to gains/rewards
risk seeking
people are willing to take risks in regards to losses
goal committment
process by which a person becomes set to achieve a goal; implies willingness and persistant detemination to expand time, effort in goal pursuit,
increase goal committment
committment increases=goal achievement increases, telling significant other about goal
goal shielding
procedure where by a person prevents other goals/behavior from interfering with the pursuit of their current goals
planning to achieve a goal
need to be flexiable, persistant, accountable
forward goal planning
list steps in chronological order beginning with what needs to be done first
backwards planning
list steps in reverse chronologically order beginning with what would be done last
implementing intention
if-then plan specifying that if situation X occurs, then person engages in goal behavior Y
selfish goal hypothesis
goals are self-centered and only concerned with self-survival; goal selects stimuli and behavior that result in goal being achieved
perception behavior link
a goal elicits appropriate achievement behavior because goal and achievement behaviors have been linked in past
motivated preparation
valence of goal determines type of achievement behavior that activated (approach/with drawl)
discrepancy
distance between current state and goal state
feedback
information about progress toward goal; goal achievement strategies reduce discrepancy
feedback and goal achievement
both necessary for goal achievement, monitoring/measuring goal progress (subgoals), feedback from person you declare goal to
to go perspective
look ahead to determine how much more must be accomplished to achieve goal
to date perspective
look back to determine how much has been accomplish to achieve goalg
goal achievement requires
self awareness, delay of gratification, monitoring of behaviors/goals, standards for comparisons, goal disengagement
goal disengagement
people who are able to easily disengage from unattachable goals in new goals are higher levels of subjective well-being (changing majors)
achievement valence
satisfaction derived from achieving a goal
action crisis
being conflicted and having doubts about continuing achievement toward a goal after experiencing setbacks, procrastination, and pondering disengaging from goal
(high self efficacy achieve still after failure)
