3.1.3 - Sport and society (History of sport)

Question 1

Define popular recreation

Answer 1

The sports and past times of people in pre-industrial Britain (before 1780 - 18th century)

Question 2

What are the 6 pre-industrial characteristics of the upper class?

Answer 2

Power
Transport
Free-time
Educated
Land
Living in comfort and luxury

Question 3

What are the socio-cultural factors / concepts of life of pre-industrial Britain?

Answer 3

• Limited communication
• Limited transport
• Illiteracy
• Harsh society
• Class divisions
• Location
• Leisure time rare
• Rural living
• Limited technology

Question 4

What was the Feudal system?

Answer 4

A way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service of labour.

Two-tier system - upper class and lower class

Question 5

What impact did limited transport have on popular recreation?

Answer 5

Meant that activities were local and specific to each community and the area they lived in.

Question 6

What impact did limited communication have on popular recreation?

Answer 6

Activities were local in villages in the countryside and people were informed through word of mouth.

Question 7

What impact did illiteracy have on popular recreation?

Answer 7

Meant that for lower class, the rules were very basic, simple and applied to a particular community.

Question 8

What impact did location have on popular recreation?

Answer 8

Games were played in the countryside in local towns.

Question 9

What impact did class divisions have on popular recreation?

Answer 9

Whether they were upper or lower class effected which sport they took part in.

Question 10

What impact did the harsh society have on popular recreation?

Answer 10

Made popular recreation aggressive and male dominated for the lower class.
Led to lots of damage to property and injuries occurred.

Question 11

What impact did leisure time have on popular recreation?

Answer 11

Long hours working during the agricultural seasonal time for lower class meant popular recreation were occasional and restricted to annual events or part of a festive occasion or Holy days.

Upper class had lots of leisure time to play sports.

Question 12

Characteristics of mob football?

Answer 12

• lower class/peasants
• simple/unwritten rules due to illiteracy
• male dominated
• spectators involved
• local due to lack of transport
• no specialist clothing
• occasional due to long working hours
• natural equipment used e.g. pigs bladder
• wagering
• violent/dangerous/physical

Question 13

Characteristics of real tennis?

Answer 13

• upper class/gentry
• male dominated
• complex/written rules
• not usually local as upper class can travel
• purpose built facilities/courts
• specialist clothing
• specialist equipment (e.g. rackets)
• wagering
• played regularly
• not a game for spectators
• played with etiquette
• known as ‘the sport for kings’

Question 14

Why were mob games banned?

Answer 14

• violent and unruly in nature
• they led to injury or death in extreme cases
• they led to damage of property
• they involved gambling/wagering
• they were linked to alcohol consumption/drunken behaviour

Question 15

Rational recreation definition?

Answer 15

These were the sports pastimes for the lower classes in the 19th century which were designed by the middle classes.

Question 16

Rational recreation characteristics?

Answer 16

→Respectability: sport was non-violent in nature/emphasis on sportsmanship and fair play

→Regional/national/regular play: sport was competitive and played regionally, nationally and internationally.

→Stringent administration and codification: strict and complex rules written rules were set down by national governing bodies for the conduct of sports

→Referees/officials: present to enforce the newly developed rules in sporting contests

→Purpose-built facilities: set around urban areas with large populations to draw on for spectators (there was less space available in urban areas)

→Skills/tactics based

→Impact of religion
→Gambling/wagering

Question 17

What is the industrial revolution?

Answer 17

Deemed to have occurred during the mid-eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries.

→This period marked a change in Britain from a feudal, rural society into an industrialised, machine-based, capitalist society, controlled by a powerful urban middle class.

Question 18

Negative effects of the industrial revolution on sports and pastimes? (1780-1840)

Answer 18

→Migration of lower classes into urban areas looking for work in the new factories being built: led to lack of space to play traditional mob games and overcrowding

→Lack of leisure time: the shift from ‘seasonal’ to ‘machine’ time led to long 12-hour working days, six days a week (the Sabbath was a ‘day of rest’

→Lack of income: low wages and poverty were evident, with little spare income for leisure pursuits

→Poor health: poor working and living conditions led to pollution and a lack of hygiene, and also meant little energy to play sport

→Loss of rights: restrictions were placed on mob games and blood sports by changes in criminal laws

→Lack of public provision: no access to private facilities and no personal equipment (lower class)

Question 19

Revision tip for negatives of IR?

Answer 19

H- poor health + hygiene
I- lack of income
T- lack of time
F- facility provision lacking
O- overcrowding + lack of space
R- loss of rights

Question 20

Positive effects of the industrial revolution on sports and pastimes? (>1840-1899)

Answer 20

→Health: gradual improvements in living conditions and local council provision of public baths to improve cleanliness - helped stop spread of disease = more energy to play sport

→Increase in wages: gradual increase in wages and more time for sport (and spectating) due to the Factory Acts and Saturday half-days being provided to the workers

→New middle class: (self-made men who took advantage of new business opportunities available in the newly industrialised Britain)
Changed ways of behaving and playing sport: became more acceptable and respectable, played with high moral code, strict rules, leagues, facilities/public parks, time off work to play, broken time payments.

→Ex public schoolboys: set up teams/provided facilities, promoted morals and the value of athleticism, led to setting up of NGB’s

→Values of athleticism spread to lower classes: (physical endeavour with moral integrity) - always trying hard and working to best of your ability, fair play

→Industrial patronage: led to provision for recreation and sport - factory teams set up, sporting facilities provided and excursions to seaside were organised = lower absenteeism, loyalty in workforce

→Improvements in transport and communications: development of roads and steam trains - this influenced the distances spectators/players could travel, leagues were established, fixtures and results were published in newspapers

Question 21

Define industrial patronage

Answer 21

Kind factory owners becoming ‘patrons of sport’ for the working classes by providing support for them to participate in various ways.

Question 22

Define urbanisation

Answer 22

Large numbers of people migrating/moving from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories.

Question 23

Negative impacts of urbanisation on sport? (1800-1840)

Answer 23

Lack of space: in cities space was at a premium - led to the development of purpose-built facilities to play sport (e.g.football grounds)

Large working-class populations: urbanisation meant a large working class population that needed entertaining, resulting in mass spectator numbers at football and rugby matches for the first time

Loss of traditional sports: many traditional working class sports, such as mob games, meaning there was a need for new sports to emerge

Working conditions: the working classes worked long hours in the factories and had limited free time, income or energy to devote to sport

Question 24

Positive impacts of urbanisation on sport? (1840-1899)

Answer 24

Increased leisure time: Factory Act, half day Saturdays - mass spectating grew, better health to play sports

Increased income: Factory Act - increased wages meaning more money to spend on sport

Factory Act: led to changes in working conditions - sports participation and attendance went up (more time, money ,energy)

Question 25

How did transport improve the development of sport in the industrial period?

Answer 25

→Movement of teams/spectators: the development of the railways and steam trains enabled faster and further travel for players and fans, leading to nationwide fixtures developing.

→Improved access to different parts of the country: nationwide train travel enabled sport to develop from local to regional to national, with leagues forming, involving clubs from across the country.

→Cheaper train travel: train travel became relatively cheap and affordable, with an Act of Parliament making third-class travel cheaper, which led to the working classes following their teams home and away.

→Improved countryside access: activities such as rambling became popular as rural areas were reachable and affordable.

Question 26

How did communications improve in the industrial period (and its impact on sport)?

Answer 26

Urban industrial society involved gradual improvement in educational provision for the working classes in the latter half of the 19th century - led to improvements in reading + writing meaning rules could be developed.

→ Communications (e.g. newspaper) improved as society became more literate.
→This development in the printed media increased the knowledge and awareness of sport in a number of different ways (e.g. when fixtures were taking place involving a local team, results of matches).
→ Led to the emergence of sporting heroes and role models.

Question 27

How did the Church provide more opportunities for sporting involvement in the industrial period?

Answer 27

→The approval and active involvement of the clergy gave encouragement for the working class to participate in rationalised sporting activities such as association football.
→The church organised teams, set up clubs and organised competitions (e.g. Everton, Aston Villa).
→Provided facilities to play sport in their church halls and on their playing fields.
→Church groups formed, with sporting involvement a key part of their programmes of activities, e.g. the Scouts, the YMCA etc.

Question 28

Why did the Church promote sport in the industrial period?

Answer 28

→It encouraged social control through civilised activities, diverting people away from less socially acceptable activities such as drinking/gambling.
→Church facilities such as halls provided venues for ‘ improving the morality’ of the working classes.
→Ex public schoolboys promoted ‘Muscular Christianity’ - this involved the actions of churchmen who engaged their communities proactively by attempting to eradicate the excesses of working-class behaviour.
→It was viewed as a good way of promoting Christian values - the development of the YMCA promoted the healthy body/healthy mind link.
→The clergy viewed sport as a good way to increase church attendance and help swell their congregations.

Question 29

How did the emergence of the middle class impact the development of sport?

Answer 29

→Codification: the development of strict rules, as ex-public school boys and university old boys played a key role in the formation of many national governing bodies (NGBs) of sport.

→Organising sport: middle class became key organisers via their administration experience, which enabled them to run clubs and NGBs and also took prominent leadership roles in such organisations.

→Competitions: leagues and competitions were developed via middle class involvement in public schools/universities/clubs/NGBs/factory teams/church teams.

→Public provision: public facilities (e.g. parks and public baths) were developed by middle class philanthropists, factory owners and the church; middle class were able to pass government Acts in their role as local politicians.

→Increased leisure time: middle class factory owners gradually gave their workers more leisure time (e.g. Saturday half-day).

→Move to ‘professionalism’: the middle class helped in the development of early commercial/professional sport (e.g. acting as agents/promoters/setting up factory teams).

Question 30

Codification

Answer 30

The gradual organisation and defining of the rules e.g. for the actual playing of a sport, as well as the conduct and behaviour of participants.

Question 31

Philanthropists

Answer 31

Kind, generous, middle class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try and provide for a better life among the working class.

Question 32

Why did the middle class emerge?

Answer 32

Emerged as a result of urbanisation and industrialisation and played a key role in sporting developments during the 19th century.

Question 33

What jobs did the middle class uphold?

Answer 33

• factory owners
• local government
• doctors

Question 34

How were the classes segregated in sport? (1840-1899)

Answer 34

→Membership rules were devised by clubs to exclude the working class.
→Amateur regulations were used for competitions in order to prevent ‘professionals’ from competing (these were originally from the lower class).
→Lower classes performed supporting roles within the sport.
→Restricted access to facilities/club house/ weekday matches.
→Distinction made between ‘Gentlemen’ and ‘players’ (professionals and amateurs).
→Membership fees high to exclude working class.
→Encouraged working class to spectate.

Question 35

Summary of middle class and 3 tier class system?

Answer 35

• emerging middle class
• development of rules/codification
• formed NGBs
• strong moral code
• helped development of early professional sport
• new sports e.g. lawn tennis
• amateurism (had time + money to play)

Question 36

What is the British Empire?

Answer 36

The British Empire comprised Britain, the ‘mother country’, and the colonies and countries ruled to some degree by and from Britain.

Question 37

Who were the 5 stakeholders in the British Empire who helped spread sport?

Answer 37

Army officers
Diplomats
Clergy
Teachers
Industrialists

Question 38

How did army officers promote sport throughout the empire?

Answer 38

• They played sport in the armed services and spread sport throughout the empire.

The continuing need to protect and secure the empire meant the British army had to be present in all parts of the empire.

Question 39

How did diplomats promote sport throughout the empire?

Answer 39

• Travelled the world and took sport with them e.g. cricket/rugby.

Question 40

How did the clergy promote sport throughout the empire?

Answer 40

• They developed church teams or became missionaries and took sport abroad (good for social control/morality etc).
• Developed church teams.
• Muscular Christianity promoted by the use of sport - was used as a vehicle for teaching morals and Christian values.

Question 41

How did teachers promote sport throughout the empire?

Answer 41

• Developed teams and taught traditional sporting values in schools throughout the Empire.
• Some graduates returned to their old schools as assistant masters or travelled abroad to teach in schools throughout the British Empire, teaching the sports and values they had followed.

Question 42

How did industrialists promote sport throughout the empire?

Answer 42

• Set up teams and gave workers time off to play competitive sport nationally and internationally.
• Were known as Arnold’s philistines. Their love of sport needed an outlet so these middle class industrialists set up factory teams e.g. Manchester United.

Question 43

Who else promoted sport throughout the empire?

Answer 43

National Governing Bodies:
→Codified sports and established leagues and competitions which eventually spread internationally as well as nationally.

English public schools and universities:
→English public schools and universities played a significant role in the export of the team games valued for the development of character (games ethic) which embraced public school athleticism.
→Moral values such as commitment, physical endeavour, brotherhood, fair play, sportsmanship, co-operation and bravery, were beneficial to a career and the country and they spread across the British Empire.

Question 44

Why were NGBs needed?

Answer 44

• Maintenance of control of sport among middle class and upper class.
• More leagues required.
• More fixtures required.
• More clubs forming.
• Rules/codification required.
• Different public schools played different versions (problems when boys moved on).
• Threats of professionalism/commercialisation.
• Maintain ‘amateur ideal’

Question 45

How did the local authorities improve the health and hygiene of the working classes?

Answer 45

They applied for grants to provide public washing facilities and improve their status as a town (e.g. via the Wash Houses Act of 1846).

Question 46

What public provision was available in the second half of the 19th century?

Answer 46

• first and second class facilities
• plunge baths - for swimming/recreational use

Question 47

How did improved public provision in the second half of the 19th century improve life (for working class)?

Answer 47

• means of social control keeping them away from violence and drinking
• helped improve productivity at work, as workers became healthier and less prone to diseases and infection

Question 48

Example of an NGB which formed in the mid-to late-nineteenth century?

Answer 48

Football Association in 1863

Question 49

Amateur definition?

Answer 49

A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain.

Question 50

Professional definition?

Answer 50

A person who played sport for financial gain.

Question 51

19th century amateurism values?

Answer 51

• ‘Manliness’ , robustness, striving and physical endeavour
• Appreciating the value of health and fitness
• Appreciating the value of rule-regulated activity
• High moral integrity

Question 52

Characteristics of a ‘gentleman amateur’?

Answer 52

• being a respected member of society with a public school background (private school)
• high status in sport reflected by high status in society
• belonging to the social elite, having wealth and plenty of time for sport
• participation was viewed as a character building exercise (training was frowned upon)
• played ‘range of sports’ using their natural talents
• playing to a high moral code

Question 53

Gentleman amateur definition?

Answer 53

Middle or upper class performer showing high levels of morals.

Question 54

Positive impacts of gentleman amateurism?

Answer 54

• elite sport was dominated by upper and middle classes who had high status in sport and society
• code of amateurism was based on playing sport to clearly set rules put in place by middle and upper classes (formed many NGBs e.g. FA)
• adhered to a code of ethics, playing sport to a high set of moral values
• participation in sport was seen as more important than winning
• belonging to the social elite (play for fun not money)
• all-rounder viewed with high regard by amateurs
• were ‘elite performers’ of the 19th century
• new ‘middle class’ admired the cultural values of the upper class gentleman amateur.

Question 55

Examples of 19th century working class professional?

Answer 55

• Prize fighters - who were payed to represent the noble
• Wager boaters - or river men who raced each other
• Footmen - where nobles would match their footmen, this pursuit emerged as pedestrianism (professional running)

Question 56

Positive impacts of 19th century professionalism?

Answer 56

→Broken time payments: working class had to be paid wage for time off work when representing factory team.
→Results: early professionals in walking/running races were paid according to results so standards of performance improved as a result of dedicated training (developed win at all costs attitude).
→Financial gain: played sport for financial gain - earnings better than normal WK wage.
→Professionalism: slowly developed at end of 19th century.
→Social mobility: earning money from sport was seen as an avenue of social mobility, creating a determination to succeed e.g. high rewards at stake/pressure to succeed to maintain lifestyle.

Question 57

Why was it difficult for the working class to become elite athletes in the 19th century?

Answer 57

• elite sport was for the upper class
• expensive - limited opportunities for working classes
• lots of time was needed - WK had limited free time
• limited public provision
• upper+middle class controlled NGBs
• upper+middle class selected teams + restricted WK access to clubs
• less equality of opportunity in society in general e.g. gender

Question 58

What is public provision?

Answer 58

Local council provision of facilities e.g. sport/recreational for the masses to participate

Question 59

What was the Wenlock games?

Answer 59

• Created by Dr William Penny Brookes
• Formed in 1850
• Athletics
• Traditional country sports: quoits, football, cricket, running, the hurdles and cycling on penny farthings

Question 60

Who did the Wenlock games target?

Answer 60

People of the town/neighbourhood of Wenlock

Question 61

What were the objectives of the Wenlock olympic games?

Answer 61

• form Olympian class
• promote moral improvement
• promote physical improvement
• promote intellectual improvement

Question 62

Characteristics of the Wenlock olympic games?

Answer 62

• simple, unwritten rules
• local, annual and rural event with locals from adjoining villages
• awarding of prizes by upperclass patrons
• wagering on outcome of events

Question 63

What victorian attitudes meant women were excluded from rational sport?

Answer 63

• it was too manly
• it could endanger childbirth
• victorian fashion, among upper and middle class, prevented freedom of movement and so discouraged women from vigorous activity
• it was not expected that Victorian women should display their bodies
• it was not expected that victorian women should be competitive and sweat

Question 64

How has the role of working class women changed during 1890 and 1950?

Answer 64

• suffragettes/women’s rights/more political say
• WW1 status increased/did men’s jobs e.g. factories/proved their worth
• less emphasis on domestic role
• got more education via state schools
• began to earn more personal money
• more freedom - mobility/clothing/leisure time

Question 65

How has the changing role of working class women impacted on their participation in sport?

Answer 65

• still very restricted compared to middle classes and men
• accepted firstly by middle class - later working classes
• more schools/provision of PE/clubs/teams/became available
• more competitive opportunities
• sporting organisations established
• achievements of women athletes/role models

Question 66

Why did public schools promote sport?

Answer 66

• it was a form of social control
• promoted athleticism
• promoted Muscular Christianity
• to instil the qualities wanted in young men
• prepare the boys for roles in society and life after school
• sportsmanship
• promote team building and loyalty
• develop leadership
• promote self discipline and self control
• standardisation of rules
• character building

Question 67

Characteristics of 19th century public schools?

Answer 67

→ Sons of the gentry only
→ Boarding only
→ Fee paying
→ Non-local establishments
→ Boys only (single sex)
→ Strict discipline
→ Bullying occurred
→ Harsh treatment to prepare the boys for adult life

Question 68

Define Muscular Christianity?

Answer 68

The combination of godliness and manliness - the belief in having a strong and fit body to match a robust and healthy soul.

Question 69

What values did public schools instil into boys?

Answer 69

• good behaviour
• disciplined
• good etiquette
• fair play
• honour
• respect
• athleticism → the combination of physical endeavour (trying hard) and moral integrity (sportsmanship)

Question 70

How did sport contribute to social control in public schools?

Answer 70

• positive use of leisure time
• became leaders
• became role models
• character building and self discipline
• loyalty to team and teamwork
• obeying rules and code of conduct
• sixth formers given authority through the fagging system (whereby younger pupils were required to act as personal servants to the eldest boys)

Question 71

Technical developments 19th century public schools made on RR?

Answer 71

• rules
• time boundaries
• equipment
• kit
• division of labour
• officials
• competitions
• skills/tacticts and positions
• training + coaching

Question 72

Factors that increased participation in physical activity in public schools?

Answer 72

→ improved quality of facilities
→ specialist coaching
→ compulsory games
→ inter-school fixtures
→ headmaster support
→ enthusiasm of young teachers
→ special festivals such as athletics sports days
→ role models from sixth form and society

Question 73

Key features of early twentieth-century amateurs?

Answer 73

At the start of the twentieth century, amateurs maintained their prominence in sport in a number of ways, including their positions at the top of national governing bodies.

They had the following characteristics:
→High status: They held high status in sport and society
→Controllers of sport: The middle and upper classes controlled sport, excluding (e.g. financially) working classes from ‘amateur sports’.
→Top performers: It was more likely that top performers would come from middle/upper class
→Highly moral: They had sufficient income and leisure time to play sport for the love of it, receiving no payment. Fair play + sportsmanship emphasised.

Question 74

Key features of modern day amateurs?

Answer 74

As 20th century progressed, amateurs began to lose some of their status and power in sport. Society slowly began to be based more on equality and opportunity, with achievements based more on merit and personal performance standards.

→ tend to be of lower status
→ some high-level performers are still not professional
→ blurring of amateur and professional distinctions, with less likelihood of exclusions as society has become more egalitarian
→ performance at the top level in most sports is now open to all
→ some amateurs receive finance to pay for training expenses etc. e.g. National Lottery/Sports Aid money.

Question 75

Positives of modern-day amateurism?

Answer 75

The amateur code has still continued in British sport in a number of ways such as:

→ codes of amateurism are still evident in British sport, e.g. via fair play and sportsmanship
→ it is still viewed positively and promoted in a number of ways e.g. fair play awards in football; shaking hands prior to and at the end of sporting contests; through the Olympics with the Olympic Ideal based on principles of amateurism.
→ sports like Rugby Union maintained their amateurism until late into the twentieth century and still have codes of conduct based on such principles e.g. calling the referee sir.

Question 76

Modern day professionalism features?

Answer 76

Many factors are responsible for the growth of professional sport and the increased status of professional performers from the 20th century to the modern day:

→ all classes can compete; social class is no longer a barrier to participation - social mobility is far more possible now
→ people are now respected for their talents and efforts in reaching the top
→ there are high rewards for professionals through media and sponsorship (e.g. footballers, tennis players)
→ professionals now have more time to train, leading to higher standards of performance than amateurs in the same sport
→ celebrity status ,more media coverage and investment in sport have all led to vast increases in financial rewards available for sportsmen and women
→ positive role models act as motivators for others to achieve in professional sport
→ money invested into sports enables events and the sports themselves to operate and survive commercially
→ more spectators attend matches due to easier and cheaper travel

Question 77

Development of modern day professionalism?

Answer 77

• The Amateur Athletic Association was set-up in 1880 and no professional sport people were allowed to join
• Professional football was illegal until 1884
• In 1895 rugby was split into League and Union, with Union remaining amateur
• Money from TV deals and sponsorship’s now means professional athletes can earn huge amounts of money

Question 78

What factors led to an increase in the status of professional sports performers in 20th century Britain?

Answer 78

→ more respected for their talents
→ higher profile/increased media coverage and increased role models
→ professionals used to be working class and lower status
→ social class no longer a barrier to participation
→ society now values materialism more
→ sport can be seen as a way out

Question 79

How has amateur and professional status changed over time in tennis?

Answer 79

→ Developed from Real Tennis to Spharistike Tennis and then to lawn tennis in 1877
→ Started off as an amateur upper middle class sport in mid to late 19th century
→ Took place behind walled gardens, then progressed to middle class private tennis clubs
→ First introduced as an annual sporting event at Wimbledon in 1877 - male only

→ 1884 - first championships open to women held at Wimbledon
→ Sport grew in popularity as professional tours and tournaments were organised in 1920s - some players earned income
→ In 1920s, other player tournaments remained amateur inc. grand slams

→ Distinction between amateur and professional abandoned in 1968
→ ‘Open era’ established in 1968 - both amateurs and professionals performed alongside each other
→ Equal professional recognition for women was achieved at Wimbledon 2007 when tournament winners both male and female won equal prize money

Question 80

Development of tennis summary?

Answer 80

→ <1780 = Real tennis, Male only, Upper class
→ >1780 - 1862 = Industrial and post Industrial Revolution, Real tennis, Male only, Upper class
→ 1873 = Spharistike created - hourglass court shape
→ 1877 = Lawn tennis created, Back garden, Both sexes, Middle class only, Public provision in parks for lower class
→ 1920s = Professional tours established
→ 1968 = Open era occurred - professionals and amateurs compete alongside each other
→ 2007 = Wimbledon open = first comp to pay men + women equally

Question 81

Development of females in tennis?

Answer 81

→ 1844 = Wimbledon first open to women, First female winner of Wimbledon Miss Maud

→ 1887 = Female role models emerging e.g. Lottie Dodd (won 5 titles at age of 15)

→ 1968 = Inequalities in prize money between men and women during open era

→ 1973 = WTA (Women’s Tennis Association) fought for equal prize money, WTA tour created

→ 2007 = Wimbledon open, first competition to pay men + women equally

Question 82

How has amateur and professional status changed over time in football?

Answer 82

→ Started off as male only working class sport in mid to late 19th century
→ Began to grow in popularity and began to be players and mass spectators
→ First professionals established in 19th century when factory teams were created and paid broken time payments
→ 1863 FA established by ex-public school boys and is responsible for amateur and professional football
→ 1871 FA cup established - both amateur and professional teams play against each other
→ 1885 football first recognised as professional sport
→ During mid 20th century, maximum wage for male footballers was abolished
→ 1992 Premier League was established
→ 1995 - Bosman ruling was created which allowed footballers to move clubs at the end of a contract without a fee
→ 2001 UEFA champions established which inc. best professional teams across Europe

Question 83

Development of football summary?

Answer 83

→ <1780 = Mob football, Male only, Lower class
→ >1780-1862 = Industrial and Post Industrial Revolution, Football, Male only
→ 1863 = FA established, Football becomes Association Football
→ 1885 = Football first recognised as professional sport
→ Mid 1900s = Maximum wage for male footballers abolished
→ Late 1900s = Male role models emerged
→ 1995 = Bosman Ruling
→ Early 2000s = Technology use increased e.g. GLT

Question 84

Development of females in football?

Answer 84

→ 1914-1918 = Female football grew during WW1
→ 1920 = First female professional player
→ 1921 = Women’s football banned by the FA
→ 1930s = The depression caused a decline in female football interest
→ 1969 = WFA ( Women’s Football Association) formed
→1971 = Ban on women’s football lifted
→ Late 1900s = Limited female officials, FA promised to develop female football grassroots to elite
→ 1997 = First female assistant referee of male premier league game
→ Early 2000s = Female role models emerging, major female competitions established: 2001 UEFA Champions League, 2010 Women’s Super League.
→ 2002 = Football most popular sport for women
→ 2010 = WSL established
→ 2017 = Lewes FC first club to pay women equal to men
→ 2018 = WSL all players are professional

Question 85

How has amateur and professional status changed over time in athletics?

Answer 85

→ Started off both upper and lower class involved - Lower class males were the athletes and upper class people patrons
→ In 1850 Much Wenlock Olympic Games established
→ Wasn’t until mid 19th century upper class were amateurs and lower class were professionals
→ In 1866 - exclusion cause created by AAC that meant no working class were able to take part
→ In 1880 exclusion cause removed - professional changed to someone who ran for money, not necessarily from lower class
→ 1896 - First modern Olympic Games
→ Early 1900s Amateurism rules created preventing anyone who received money for any role within sport from taking part
→ 1972 - Title IX occurred in the USA which fought for equal opportunities for women to compete
→ 1981 - Trust funds were established, allowing athletes to receive financial reward for taking part
→ 1986 - First Olympics both amateurs and professionals could compete
→ 2010 - First major diamond league both male and female athletes were allowed

Question 86

Development of athletics summary?

Answer 86

→ <1780 = Foot racing and pedestrianism, Upper class - Patrons, Lower class - athletes (male only)
→ 1850 = Much Wenlock Olympics established by Dr Penny Brookes, male only competitors
→ Mid 1800s = Upper class = amateurs, Lower class = professionals
→ 1866 = No working class competitors (exclusion clause)
→ 1880 = AAA (Amateur Athletic Association) established, Removed the exclusion clause, Change in professional - someone who ran for money, not necessarily from working class
→ 1896 = Baron Pierre De Coubertin founded IOC (International Olympic Committee), First modern olympics
→ 1901-1950 = Amateurism rules
→ 1972 = Title IX
→ 2016 = Russian athletes banned from 2016 Olympics in Rio due to false drug tests

Question 87

Development of women in athletics?

Answer 87

→ 1922 = Women’s AAA established
→ 1928 = First Olympics allowed women to compete
→ 1960 = Women’s races allowed over 400m
→ 1972 = Title IX - Equal opportunities for women to compete
→ Late 1900s = Women still excluded from most Olympic events - negative myths, stereotypes
→ 2010 = Major competitions allowed male and female athletes (Diamond League)
→ 2012 = First Olympic Games with women in every sport

Question 88

How did amateurism change from start of the 20th century to the end?

Answer 88

At the start, amateurs were high status, controllers of sport, top performers and highly moral.
At the end, amateurs were lower status, not professional, blurred with professionals, would receive pay for training expenses.

Question 89

Positives of modern day amateurism?

Answer 89

Amateur code has still continued in British sport in a number of ways such as:

→ Codes of amateurism still evident in British Sport e.g. via fair play and sportsmanship

→ Still viewed positively and promoted in a number of ways e.g. fair play awards in football

→ Sports like rugby maintained their amateurism until late 20th century and still have codes of conduct such as calling the referee ‘Sir”

Question 90

How are modern day amateurs financed?

Answer 90

→ Sponsorships
→ Scholarships
→ Trust funds
→ Gifts
→ Token jobs - talented athlete may be given job that doesn’t involve much work so they are getting money but classed as amateurs.
→ Illegal payments