3.1.1 - Applied anatomy and physiology (cardio+respiratory system, musculoskeletal system) Flashcards
(complete)
Define health
A state of complete physical ,mental, emotional and social well being, not merely the absence of illness
What is the impact of physical activity and sport on mental health?
- Sport challenges a performer to make decisions, apply tactics and solve problems.
- Over time it improves mental capacity to deal with more demanding sporting situations.
- Allows the individual to cope better with relatively simple cognitive tasks they face day to day.
What is the impact of physical activity and sport on emotional health?
- Physical activity releases endorphins in a participants brain.
- This plays a part in boosting mood, relieving anxiety and helping in the removal of stress.
What is the impact of physical activity and sport on social health?
- Particularly in team sports, participants can develop leadership, teamwork and communicative skills.
- Also form friendships with other performers.
What is the impact of physical activity and sport on physical health?
-Regular physical activity raises HR, blood flow and the demand for energy.
- This means coronary blood vessel experience regular changes and use.
- This reduces the risk of build up of fatty deposits or cholesterol against the vessel walls.
How does exercise benefit the coronary blood vessels?
- Exercise ensures blood vessel tissue remains pliable and responsive to neural commands and can vasoconstrict/vasodilate appropriately.
- This means when blood pressure increases, the coronary vessels are capable of expanding and coping with increasing peripheral resistance.
How may a lack of exercise negatively impact coronary blood vessels?
- A lack of exercise could cause the vessel to rupture, or the cardiac muscle to be starved of oxygen (heart attack).
What are the 4 causes of deteriorating coronary blood vessels?
Smoking
Alcohol
Sedentary lifestyle
A high-fat diet
What is atherosclerosis?
Occurs when the arteries harden and narrow as they become clogged up by fatty deposits.
This stops the heart from getting deoxygenated blood.
Causes of atherosclerosis?
- high blood pressure
- high levels of cholesterol
- lack of exercise
- smoking
What is atheroma?
A fatty deposit found in the inner lining of an artery.
Cause of atheroma?
- breakage of fatty deposits
- high cholesterol
What is angina?
Chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the coronary arteries to the muscles of the heart is restricted.
This can cause a blood clot which results in a blockage forming, and thus can cause a cut off of oxygenated blood to the cardiac muscle, resulting in a heart attack.
What are LDL’s?
Low density lipoproteins.
Transport cholesterol in the blood to the tissues.
Classed as ‘bad’ cholesterol as it is linked to an increased risk of heart disease.
What are HDL’s?
High density lipoproteins.
Transport excess cholesterol in the blood back to the liver where it is broken down (and disposed of).
Classed as ‘good’ cholesterol as it lowers the risk of heart disease.
What are HDL’s?
High density lipoproteins.
Transport excess cholesterol in the blood back to the liver where it is broken down (and disposed of).
Classed as ‘good’ cholesterol as it lowers the risk of heart disease.
How can cholesterol levels be improved?
- aerobic activities
- low-fat diet
- regular exercise
What is cardiac hypertrophy?
Placing the heart under regular strain that causes positive adaptations of the heart to occur.
The heart becomes bigger and more pliable.
Benefits of cardiac hypertrophy?
- more forceful contractions
- increased stroke volume
- increased cardiac output
- increased ejection fraction
- bradycardia (resting HR 60 or below)
- increased capillarization
What is sub-max exercise?
Reaches 60-80% of maximum HR
- Causes a significant increase in venous return due to vascular shunt mechanisms.
- The result of this increase, it is the chambers of the heart become gradually stretched overtime, increasing diastolic fill.
What is maximum exercise?
Reaches 80-90% of maximum HR
- Causes muscles to contract fully, which press on nearby blood vessels, restricting the blood flow through them.
- This causes a sharp increase in blood pressure.
- Frequent training of this causes the cardiac muscle to become stronger as it has to adapt to eject blood against higher levels of resistance.
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart per beat.
What is heart rate?
The number of beats per minute.
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in 1 minute.
What is ejection fraction?
The % of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat.
What is Starling’s law?
Increased venous return ➤ greater diastolic filling ➤ the cardiac muscle stretches ➤ more forceful contractions ➤ increased ejection fraction/ stroke volume/ cardiac output
What are short-term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system?
- increased HR (due to rising adrenaline levels)
- increased stroke volume (due to stronger ventricular contractions)
- increased cardiac output
Effects on the cardiovascular system for untrained individuals?
- have a lower stroke volume.
- their resting HR is likely to be higher.
- the heart needs more oxygen as it needs to work harder, meaning less oxygen is available for working muscles.
Define cardiac cycle
The mechanical contraction of the heart
What is the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle?
- The heart at this point is relaxing and filling up with blood.
- The atria fill with blood and pressure builds within these chambers.
- As the pressure increases, the valves begin to slowly open and let small amounts of blood through.
What is the systole phase of the cardiac cycle?
Pressure has built up in the atria during diastole phase
𝐀𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐥𝐞 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞:
1. Valves are now forced open, both atrial contract and remaining blood is forced into ventricles.
𝐕𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐥𝐞 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞:
2. Blood is now in ventricles, ventricles now contract increasing the pressure within these chambers.
3. Aortic valve and pulmonary valve are forced open, allowing blood to be pushed through into the aorta or pulmonary artery.
How is the heart myogenic?
As the impulse for a heart beat is initiated by the heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) rather than from brain signals.
What is the process of the conduction system of the heart?
The impulse starts in the SA node ➤ travels down to AV node ➤ into the bundle of His ➤ impulse travels down left and right branches ➤ goes into Purkinje fibres ➤ ventricles are squeezed/contracted
Cycle then starts again
What is the Sion-atrial node and what does it do?
A small mass of cardiac muscle found in the wall of the right atrium that generates the heartbeat
It is more commonly called the pacemaker
What is the Atroventricular node and what does it do?
This node relays the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart
It delays the impulse by 0.1 s to allow the atria to fully empty
What is the bundle of His and what does it do?
A collection of heart muscle cells
They transmit electrical impulses from the AVN via the ventricles
What are the Purkinje fibres and what do they do?
Muscle fibres
They conduct the impulses in the walls of the ventricles
What are the 3 pulmonary ventilation regulation systems in the cardiac control centre?
Intrinsic control
Neural control
Hormonal control
What does the intrinsic control system involve?
𝐕𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧:
Causes changes in cardiac performance. If more blood is returning, more blood can be ejected per contraction.
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐨 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬:
Detect changes in blood, joint and muscle temperature which indicates exercise.
What does the hormonal control system involve?
𝐀𝐝𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞:
Released due to stress and increases HR. Can increase the speed and quality of the SA node impulses and contractile strength.
𝐍𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞:
Increases the transmission speed of nerve impulses.
𝐀𝐜𝐞𝐭𝐲𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞:
Decreases the transmission speed of nerve impulses.
What does the neural control system involve?
𝐁𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐩𝐞𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 (chemical):
Detect stretch and pressure changes in blood vessels.
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬:
Detect movement and stretch in muscles.
𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬:
Detect changes in p.H, pp02 and ppC02.
How does the vascular shunt system work during exercise?
Chemoreceptors / baroreceptors / proprioceptors detect changes and send a message to the medulla oblongata/vasomotor centre where blood flow is controlled as:
There is a higher demand for blood during exercise therefore blood vessels suppling to working muscles dilate to increase flow to their destinations.
Vessels to lower priority tissue constrict, restricting blood flow to their destinations (e.g. digestive system).
What are pre-capillary sphincters and what do they do?
They are rings of tissue at the entrance to a blood vessel.
When contracted, they lock off the proceeding vessel and there is limited blood flow to the areas that vessel supplies.
This are responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
Define venous return
The process of moving blood residing in the veins back to the right side of the heart.
What 5 mechanisms assist venous return?
- Skeletal muscle pump
- Pocket valves
- Atrial suction
- Smooth muscle
- Respiratory pump
What is the skeletal muscle pump mechanism?
As muscles contact and relax, pressure is applied on nearby veins, creating a pumping effect, squeezing the blood back towards the heart.
What are pocket valves?
They are valves that allow blood through, but close up once pressure drops to prevent backflow. (semilunar valves)
What the atrial suction mechanism?
Following atria systole, the chamber walls return to their resting position.
This expansion causes a drop in pressure which is balanced by drawing blood from the vena cava in to the empty atria.
What is vascular smooth muscle?
A thin layer of muscle that can be twitched by the automatic control of the Vasomotor Control Centre.
This twitch helps to squeeze blood through the veins and back in the direction of the heart.
What is the respiratory pump mechanism?
Thoracic and abdomen expansion during heightened breathing supplies pressure on the nearby vein walls, assisting the return of blood to the heart.
What is arterio-venous difference?
The difference between the 02 content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles.
Process of cardiovascular drift?
It occurs after 10 minutes of exercise.
At this point, heart rate increases, stroke volume decreases.
Fluid is lost as sweat resulting in a reduced plasma and reduced venous return.
Cardiac output also increases due to more energy needed to cool down the body.
Impact of cardiovascular drift on body?
- an individual will sweat
- some blood can be redirected to the skin for heat loss
- increases viscosity of blood / decreases blood plasma volume
- can lead to reduction in venous return
- reduced stroke volume
- heart rate will increase to maintain cardiac output (starling’s law)
What is the role of carbon dioxide in the cardiovascular system?
- aerobic respiration produces C02 as a by-product that when dissolved in blood and surrounding tissue forms carbonic acid.
- acidity reduces a muscles ability to function, causing the performer to experience fatigue.
- when oxygen levels drop or C02 levels/blood acidity rises, chemoreceptors are there to detect it.
- they relay this information to the medulla oblongata which then uses appropriate motor neurons to activate the SNS or PNS, to regulate heart rate and contractile force.