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3.1 Biological Molecules (A Level Biology) > 3.1.2 Carbohydrates > Flashcards

3.1.2 Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbohydrates are made from …(how many different) elements

A

3

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2
Q

The 3 elements carbohydrates are made from are…, … and…

A

Carbon ‘hence the ‘carbo’)
Hydrogen (hence the ‘hydr’)
Oxygen (hence the ‘ate’)

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3
Q

There are…different types of carbohydrates

A

3

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4
Q

The 3 different types of carbohydrates are …, … and…

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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5
Q

2 types of carbohydrates that are referred to as sweet and simple sugars

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides

(Think that Polly doesn’t like sugar)

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6
Q

The type of carbohydrate that glucose is is a ‘…’

A

Monosaccharide

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7
Q

Monosaccharides and disaccharides always end in ‘…’

A

Ose
E.g glucose, maltose, fructose, sucrose …

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8
Q

General formula for monosaccharides

A

Cn (H20)n

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9
Q

Isomers are…

A

Molecules with the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms

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10
Q

Isomers are molecules with the same…but different…

A

Chemical formula
Arrangement of atoms

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11
Q

Isomers are…with the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms

A

Molecules

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12
Q

Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula but different…

A

Arrangement of atoms

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13
Q

Isomers are molecules with the same…but different arrangement of atoms

A

Chemical formula

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14
Q

Alpha glucose and beta glucose are … of each other meaning that they have the same chemical formula but a different arrangement of atoms

A

Isomers

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15
Q

The 2 different structures of glucose molecules are a…. glucose and b… glucose

A

Alpha
Beta

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16
Q

ABBA stands for…and means

A

Alpha above
Beta below
(In terms of where OH is when drawing right hand side of glucose molecule)

When you draw glucose molecules for the alpha glucose molecule on the right hand side the OH is below, for the beta glucose molecule on the right hand side the OH is above

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17
Q

2 alpha glucose molecules join together to form …

A

Maltose (which is a disaccharide)

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18
Q

Maltose is a ….(type of carbohydrate)

A

Dissacharide

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19
Q

2…glucose molecules join together (condensation reaction) to form maltose which is a disaccharide

A

Alpha

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20
Q

Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of 2…

A

Monosaccharides
(They can be the same or different depending on which disaccharide is being formed)

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21
Q

Disaccharides (e.g maltose) are formed by the….of 2 monosaccharides

A

Condensation

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22
Q

Disaccharides (e.g maltose) are formed by the condensation of…monosaccharides

A

2

(The monosaccharides can either be 2 of the same type e.g 2 alpha glucose molecules or 2 different e.g glucose and fructose, depending on which disaccharide is being formed)

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23
Q

A condensation reaction between 2 monosaccharides forms a…bond

A

Glycosidic

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24
Q

Type of carbohydrate that is referred to as complex carbohydrate

A

Polysaccharides

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25
Q

Proper term for complex carbohydrates

A

Polysaccharides

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26
Q

Proper term for sweet and simple sugars (there are 2 types)

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides

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27
Q

Monosaccharides are small organic molecules used as monomers for…

A

Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)

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28
Q

True or false, monosaccharides are monomers

A

True

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29
Q

True or false, monosaccharides are monomers

A

True

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30
Q

3 key types of monosaccharides I need to know

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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31
Q

3 key types of monosaccharides I need to know are glucose, fructose and….

A

Galactose

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32
Q

3 types of monosaccharides I need to know are glucose, …and galactose

A

Fructose

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33
Q

3 key disaccharides I need to know

A

Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose

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34
Q

3 key disaccharides I need to know are lactose, maltose and…

A

Sucrose

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35
Q

3 key disaccharides I need to know are lactose,… and sucrose

A

Maltose

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36
Q

3 key disaccharides I need to know are …, maltose and sucrose

A

Lactose

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37
Q

3 key disaccharides I need to know are …, maltose and sucrose

A

Lactose

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38
Q

The disaccharide maltose is formed by the condensation of the monosaccharides… and…

A

Alpha glucose
Alpha glucose

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39
Q

The disaccharide…is formed by the condensation of alpha glucose and alpha glucose (2 alpha glucose molecules)

A

Maltose

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40
Q

The disaccharide…is formed by the condensation of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose

A

Sucrose

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41
Q

The disaccharide sucrose is formed by the condensation of the 2 monosaccharides… and…

A

Glucose
Fructose

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42
Q

The disaccharide…is formed by the condensation of the monosaccharides glucose and galactose

A

Lactose

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43
Q

The disaccharide lactose is formed by the condensation of the monosaccharides…and …

A

Glucose
Galactose

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44
Q

As well as being known as sweet and simple sugars, monosaccharides and disaccharides (except sucrose) are also referred to as ….sugars

A

Reducing

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45
Q

Reducing sugars refers to all…and some…

A

Monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose)
Disaccharides (maltose, lactose)

Seeing as not all disaccharides are reducing sugars, sucrose is a non reducing sugar

46
Q

Reducing sugars are tested for using…solution

A

Benedict’s

47
Q

Benedict’s solution is used to test for….sugars

A

Reducing

48
Q

Benedict’s solution is used to test for…

A

Reducing sugars
(Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) and disaccharides (maltose, lactose, sucrose))

49
Q

Benedict’s solution is used to test for reducing sugars. If there is a negative result then you should do the….test

A

Non- reducing sugars

50
Q

Which out of maltose, lactose and sucrose that is non reducing sugar

A

Sucrose
(Maltose and lactose are reducing like all monosaccharides)

51
Q

‘Amyl’ is the prefix related to…

A

Starch

52
Q

Polysaccharides are…formed from many monosaccharide monomers joining together by glycosidic bonds following condensation reactions

A

Polymers

53
Q

Are polysaccharides very small or very large molecules

A

Very large

54
Q

Are polysaccharides soluble or insoluble molecules

A

Insoluble

55
Q

The 2 functions of polysaccharides are energy storage and…

A

Structural role

56
Q

The 2 functions of polysaccharides are…and structural role

A

Energy storage

57
Q

The 2 functions of polysaccharides are… and…

A

Energy storage
Structural role

58
Q

When hydrolysed, polysaccharides break down into… or…

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides

59
Q

When…polysaccharides break down into monosaccharides or disaccharides

A

Hydrolysed

60
Q

The function of starch is…

A

Energy storage

(Starch is a polysaccharide and the function of polysaccharides can either be energy storage or structural role)

61
Q

Starch is an example of an energy storage polysaccharide and is found in p…

A

Plants

62
Q

Energy storage polysaccharide found in plants

A

Starch

63
Q

Name for energy storage polysaccharide found in plants

A

Starch

64
Q

To test for starch you use iodine in..

A

Potassium iodide

65
Q

Starch is a polysaccharide formed by the condensation of …(monosaccharide)

A

Alpha glucose

66
Q

2 types of polysaccharides that starch is made from is…and…

A

Amylose
Amylopectin

67
Q

2 types of polysaccharide that starch is made from is amylose and…

A

Amylopectin

68
Q

2 types of polysaccharide that starch is made from is …and amylopectin

A

Amylose

69
Q

Amylose and amylopectin are the 2 types of polysaccharide that …is made from

A

Starch

70
Q

Difference in shape between amylose and amylopectin (2 types of polysaccharide that starch is made from)

A

Amylose is coiled
Amylopectin is branched (so more easily hydrolysed to glucose or maltose to provide energy when needed)

71
Q

Shape of amylose (one of the 2 types of polysaccharide that starch is made from)

A

Coiled

72
Q

Shape of amylopectin (one of the 2 polysaccharides that starch is made from)

A

Branched

73
Q

Out of amylose and amylopectin…has a more branched shape so is more easily hydrolysed to glucose or maltose to provide energy when needed

A

Amylopectin

74
Q

Amylopectin is more easily hydrolysed than amylose because…

A

It has a branched shape
(Amylose is coiled)

75
Q

The main function of both starch and glycogen is….

A

Energy storage

76
Q

Glycogen has a very similar structure to …(one of the polysaccharides that starch is made from)

A

Amylopectin

77
Q

True or false, amylopectin and glycogen both have a very similar structure

A

True
(Except glycogen has more extensive branching)

78
Q

Both amylopectin and glycogen have a very similar structure and their main function is energy storage but…has more extensive branching

A

Glycogen

79
Q

Both glycogen and starch are formed by the condensation of…

A

Alpha glucose

80
Q

Glycogen is found in…, … and…cells

A

Animal
Fungi
Bacterial

81
Q

4 key structures of starch and glycogen that make them suitable for energy storage

A

Coiled and branched
Large insoluble molecule
Large molecule
Branched

82
Q

Why starch and glycogen being coiled and branched makes them suitable for energy storage

A

Makes them compact for granule storage

83
Q

Why starch and glycogen being large insoluble molecules makes them suitable for energy storage

A

It means they’re osmotically inactive

84
Q

Why starch and glycogen being branched makes them suitable for energy storage

A

They are easily hydrolysed into glucose for use in respiration

85
Q

Why starch and glycogen being large molecules makes them suitable for energy storage

A

They don’t cross the cell membrane or leave the cell

86
Q

Starch and glycogen have a coiled and branched structure so…

A

Are compact for granule storage

87
Q

Starch and glycogen are large insoluble molecules so…

A

Are osmotically inactive

88
Q

Starch and glycogen are branched so…

A

Glucose is easily hydrolysed for use in respiration

89
Q

Starch and glycogen are large molecules so…

A

Don’t cross the cell membrane or leave the cell

90
Q

2 key structural features of cellulose

A

Long straight unbranched chains of beta glucose
Hydrogen bonds between chains

91
Q

Cellulose is made up of long, straight, unbranched chains of beta glucose so..

A

Long microfibrils are formed

92
Q

Cellulose has hydrogen bonds between chains of beta glucose so..

A

This provides rigidity and strength

93
Q

How to test for non reducing sugars

A

1) Add fresh sample of unknown solution (that showed negative result in reducing sugars test) to test tube with dilute hydrochloric acid
2) Boil for 5 mins (this causes any disaccharide present to hydrolyse into its monosaccharides)
3) Boiled solution is neutralised with an alkali
4) Benedict’s test for reducing sugars carried out on neutralised sample- add Benedict’s solution and boil in hot water bath for 5 mins
5) Brick red precipitate shows non reducing sugar is present

94
Q

To test for non reducing sugars you add the unknown solution with….to a test tube

A

Hydrochloric acid

95
Q

To test for non reducing sugars you add the solution to a test tube with hydrochloric acid and boil for 5 mins. Boiling it causes…

A

Any disaccharide present to hydrolyse into its monosaccharides

96
Q

What stage of testing for non reducing sugars causes any disaccharide present to hydrolyse into its monosaccharides

A

Boiling in hot water bath for 5 mins (after unknown solution has been added to test tube with hydrochloric acid)

97
Q

When testing for non reducing sugars, after boiling the dilute hydrochloric acid and unknown solution you must then…it with an alkali

A

Neutralise

98
Q

When testing for non reducing sugars, what is the next step after neutralising the boiled unknown solution

A

Add Benedict’s solution and carry out Benedict’s test for reducing sugars
(Brick red precipitate shows a non reducing sugar is present)

99
Q

If starch is present, the colour will change from … to…

A

Yellow/ orange
Blue/ black

100
Q

If starch is present the colour will change from yellow/ orange to…

A

Blue/ black

101
Q

If starch is present the colour will change from yellow/ orange to…

A

Blue/ black

102
Q

If starch is present the colour will change from yellow/ orange to…

A

Blue/ black

103
Q

Sugars with 6 carbon atoms are called…sugars

A

Hexose

104
Q

Hexose sugars are sugars with 6…

A

Carbon atoms

105
Q

Hydrophilic meaning

A

Water loving
(Hydrophilic molecules like glucose dissolve in water)

106
Q

Hydrophilic meaning

A

Water loving
(Hydrophilic molecules like glucose dissolve in water)

107
Q

For Benedict’s test the brick red precipitate tells you that there is a reducing sugar present. How do you measure the quantity of the reducing sugar in the solution?

A

Filter and dry (use filter paper and funnel to filter out solid precipitate from solution then dry it by evaporation)
Find mass (use electronic balance to measure mass of solid precipitate)

108
Q

Describe positive and negative results for Benedict’s test

A

Negative= solution stays blue
Positive= coloured precipitate formed (green/ yellow/ orange/ brick red)- colour depends on concentration of reducing sugar present

109
Q

Describe positive and negative results for Benedict’s test

A

Negative= solution stays blue
Positive= coloured precipitate formed (green/ yellow/ orange/ brick red)- colour depends on concentration of reducing sugar present

110
Q

Name of main energy storage material in plants

A

Starch

111
Q

Name of main energy storage material in animals

A

Glycogen

112
Q

Describe differences between structure of a glycogen molecule and a cellulose molecule (2 marks)

A

Cellulose is made up of beta glucose but glycogen is made up of alpha glucose
Cellulose molecule has a straight chain but glycogen is branched/ coiled

3.1 Biological Molecules (A Level Biology) (7 decks)

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