3.1.1.6 Energy Systems (first 3 systems)

Question 1

ATP

Answer 1

Adenosine Triphosphate
Breaks down = energy = contract muscles
remain ADP + P = no energy (comes breakdown of ATP)

Energy currency of body

Question 2

When energy is needed..

Answer 2

ATP -> ADP + P + energy
(energy used by muscles to contract)

Breakdown of ATP

ATPase = enzyme speed up breakdown of ATP

energy systems - resynthesise ATP

Question 3

ATP-PC system

Answer 3

instantly, maximum intensity
6-8seconds
Coupled reaction:

PC -> P + C + energy (enzyme=creatine kinase=PC breakdown)
ADP + P + energy -> ATP

Energy = second = energy in first

Question 4

Lactic Acid system;

Answer 4

• 1-2mins
• fatigue = lactic acid

Glycogen(muscles) -> Glucose(blood) -> Pyruvic Acid -> Lactic Acid

enzymes PFK &GP = Glucose to Pyruvic Acid = energy 2ADP to be resynthesised to 2ATP

until production of lactic acid Anaerobic Glycolysis
sarcoplasm

Question 5

2 Limitations of the Lactic Acid system

Answer 5

1. speed of enzymes
2. lactic acid inhibits PFK= changes pH

Higher trained athletes = less affected

Question 6

PFK

Answer 6

Phosphofructokinase

Question 7

GP

Answer 7

Glucose Phosphorylase

Question 8

ADP

Answer 8

Adenosine Diphosphate

Question 9

Sarcoplasm

Answer 9

Cytoplasms of muscles

Question 10

Aerobic system

Answer 10

Glycogen(muscles) -> Glucose(blood) -> Pyruvic Acid -> Acetyl CO-enzyme A -> Kreb cycle -> Electron transport chain

sarcoplasm and mitrochondria

38ATP produced
Fuels are carbohydrates, proteins and fats

Question 11

6 Long term adaptations to an anaerobic training programme

Answer 11

1- ATP & PC stores
2-anaerobic enzymes (creatine kinase) 
3-energy rapidly 
4-max peak power 
5-delay ATP-PC to lactic threshold
6-higher trained= nullify of LA quick (buffering LA )

Question 12

5 effects of training the ATP-PC system

Answer 12

1-muscle cells = increase PC stores 
2-max intensity for longer 
3-hypertrophy 
4-creatine kinase stores 
== break down PC = resynthesise ATP quicker = faster 
5-alactic and lactic threshold delayed

Question 13

percentage of energy production graph explained:

Answer 13

• system eventually reach maximum capacity (100%)

- reached at different times

Question 14

rate of total energy produced graph explained:

Answer 14

• systems provide max energy at different times
• different rates of energy
• aerobic = rate of production slower produce less at its 100% capacity than ATP-PC system (long duration & low intensity)

Question 15

Slow twitch

Answer 15

• main pathway in aerobic system
• produces maximum amount of ATP from each glucose (up to 38 ATP)
• production = slow (endurance based = no fatigue)

Question 16

Fast twitch

Answer 16

• main pathway via lactate anaerobic energy (glycolysis)
• absence of oxygen = not efficient 2 ATP per molecule
• production fast (least resistance to fatigue)

Question 17

ADV and DIS of aerobic system

Answer 17

ADV:
1-ATP (38)
2-fatigue
3- glycogen & triglyceride stores = lasts

DIS:
1-complicated (no instant)= O2 meet demands = glycogen & fatty acids break down
2-fatty acid transportation to muscles is low (15% more O2 to break down than glycogen)

Question 18

ADV and DIS of ATP-PC system

Answer 18

ADV:
1-ATP & PC stores resynthesised rapidly (30s=50%, 3min=100%)
2-fatiguing by products
3-extend time using system with creatine supplementation

DIS:
1-supply of PC in cells, last 10s
2-1:1
3-PC resynthesis presence of O2exercise intensity reduced

Question 19

ADV and DIS of Lactic acid system

Answer 19

ADV:

• ATP resynthesied quick= few chemical reactions = lasts
• O2 = lactic acid = converted to liver glycogen/used as fuel through oxidation – CO2 + H2O
• sprint finish (extra burst)

DIS:

• LA = denature enzyme = no increase chemical reactions rate
• little energy from glycogen under anaerobic conditions (5% vs 95% aerobic)

Question 20

glycolysis

Answer 20

breakdown of glucose -> pyruvic acid

Question 21

Kreb cycle

Answer 21

series if cyclical chemical reactions
take place using oxygen in matrix of mitochondria

1. acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetic acid = citric acid
2. hydrogen removed from citric acid
3. rearranged form undergoes “oxidative carboxylation”
   (carbon and hydrogen are given off)
4. forms carbon dioxide - lungs - breathed out
5. hydrogen - ETC

(fats -> acetyl coenzyme A)

Question 22

electron transport chain

Answer 22

series of chemical reactions in Cristae of mitochondria
hydrogen oxidised -> water
34 ATP molecules

hydrogen splits to hydrogen ions & electrons charged with potential energy
H+ oxidised to form H2O
hydrogen electrons provide energy to resynthesise ATP

Question 23

sarcoplasm

Answer 23

cytoplasm of muscle fibre
fluid surrounding nucleus of muscle fibre
site of anaerobic respiration

Question 24

beta oxidation

Answer 24

fatty acids broken down - glycerol & free fatty acids
(transportation to blood)
fatty acids undergo beta oxidation - converted to acetyl coenzyme A (entry molecule for Kreb cycle)