3.1.1.5 The musculo-skeletal system and analysis of movement in physical activities Flashcards
skeletal functions
- mineral storage
- protection of vital organs
- joints to allow movement
- production of blood cells
- support
- muscle attachment for movement
muscular system
- skeletal system and muscular system work together = movement
- muscular = ensure body moves efficiently
- muscles pull on bones of skeletal system via tendons = movement
roles of muscles
- respiration (intercostal muscles of ribs support mechanics of breathing)
- heat production (muscles produce heat when contract = help maintain body temp)
- constricting blood vessels (skeletal muscles constrict blood vessels supporting movement of blood)
- maintaining posture (keep us upright)
movement at joints
- not all joints allow same degree of movement (movement occur depends on joint type)
1. pivot = rotation at neck
2. ball and socket (hip shoulder) = allows all movements (flex, ext, hyperextension, adduction, abduction, horizontal abduction/adduction, rotation, circumduction
3. hinge joint: elbow = movement in 1 plane, flex, ext (hyperextension also), ankle joint also allows plantar and dorsi flexion
order of bones (head to back)
- cranium
- mandible
- cervical vertebrae
- clavicle
- scapula
- sternum
- ribs
- thoracic vertebrae
- lumbar vertebrae
bones in arms and hands
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- carpals
- metacarpals
- phalanges
bones in hips
- pelvis
- sacrum
- coccyx
- ischium
bones in legs and foot
- femur
- patella
- tibia
- fibula
- talus
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges
planes of movement
-each joint = perform various degrees of movement in all directions each movement is in 1 of 3 planes
- sagittal plane (side to side)
- frontal plane (front to back)
- transverse plane (top to bottom)
sagittal plane
-divide into right and left
-forwards or backwards motion
-plantar/dorsi flexion (ankle) ,
extension, and flexion (elbow, knee) hyperextension (shoulder, hip)
frontal plane
- divide body into front and back
- sideways motion
- abduction/adduction (shoulder and hip)
transverse plane
- divide body into upper and lower parts
- rotational motion, horizontal abduction and adduction
axes of rotation
- sagittal (back to front, movements abduction adduction with frontal plane)
- transverse (from one side to other, flexion ext, hyperextension, plantar/dorsi flexion all occur in sagittal plane
- longitudinal axis (runs through from top to bottom horizontal abduction and adduction , occur in transverse plane)
hyperextension
-increasing angle beyond 180 degrees between bones of a joint
planes and axes and movements
sagittal plane = transverse axis = flex/ext
transverse plane= longitudinal axis = horizontal abduction and adduction
frontal plane = sagittal axis = abduction and adduction
muscles in shoulder joint
- deltoid (abduction/hyperextension)
- pectoralis minor
- teres minor (adduction)
- latissimus dorsi (ext, adduction, hyper ext, horizontal abduction and adduction)
elbow joint
- biceps/brachii (flexion)
- triceps/brachii (extension)
hip joint
illiopsoas (hip flexor)
- tensor fascia latae (horizontal adduction, abduction
adductors: - adductor brevis (adduction, horizontal adduction)
- adductor longus (flex, adduction, horizontal adduction)
- adductor Magnus (flex, adduction, horizontal adduction)
gluteals:
- gluteus minimus (abduction, hyperextension, horizontal abduction and adduction)
- gluteus medius (extension, abduction, hyperextension, horizontal abduction and adduction
- gluteus maximus (extension, adduction, hyperextension)
knee & ankle joints
quadriceps (work together = extension at knee)
- rectus femoris
- vastus lateralis
- vastus intermedius
- vastus medialis
hamstrings (work together = flexion at knee)
- biceps femoris
- semimembranosus
- semitendinosus
tibialis anterior (dorsi flexion) gastrocnemius & soleus (plantar flexion at the Ankle)
roles of muscles
- cause movement (muscles need either contract or relax)
- have to work in pairs (antagonistic pairs) = movement
flexion at elbow
- agonist = bicep
- antagonist = tricep
- fixator (small muscles in shoulder to maintain stability of movement)
extension
agonist = tricep
antagonist = bicep
types of muscle contraction
- isotonic contraction: change in muscles length to support movement
- concentric (shortening of muscle as it contracts under tension) (upwards phase)
- eccentric (lengthening of muscle as it contracts/under tension performs negative work/acts as a break) (downwards phase)
- bicep contract and shorten = cause flexion at elbow when weight lifting
- bicep also contract and lengthen allow extension at elbow = maintain tension prevent suddenly drop weights
- isometric contraction: provide no change in muscle length at it contracts e.g. stable scrum, muscle contract but no movement
agonist
muscle responsible for movement that is occurring
antagonist
muscle that works in opposition to agonist (help produce coordinated movement)
lunge example
forwards phase:
hip= flexion, eccentric, gluteals(agonist), sagittal plane, transverse axis
knee= flexion, eccentric, quads(agonist), sagittal plane, transverse axis
ankle= dorsi flexion, eccentric, gastrocnemius(agonist), sagittal plane, transverse axis
backwards phase:
hip= extension, gluteus(agonist), concentric
knee= extension quads(agonist), concentric
ankle= plantar flexion, gastrocnemius (agonist), concentric
