3.1: Space perception

Question 1

depth perception

Answer 1

ability to see objects as 3D (specialized distance perception, which is a specialized visual perception)

Question 2

2 factors involved in seeing depth

Answer 2

1. encoding of visual scenes in up-down left-right position

2. straight lines become curves on rent (euclidean coordinates)

Question 3

principle of equivalent configuration

Answer 3

different shapes of objects but interpreted as same because of depth cues

Question 4

monocular depth cues

Answer 4

only one eye needed
Occlusion 
Familiar Size 
Retinal Size 
Texture gradients 
angle of regard 
atmospheric perspective 
linear perspective 
relative distance to horizon 
shading 
motion parallax 
accommodation

Question 5

occlusion

Answer 5

interposition: whatever in font is closer

Question 6

Familiar size (size cues)

Answer 6

changes in familiar shape interpreted as reflecting changes in distance

Question 7

retinal size

Answer 7

visual angle decreases with increasing distance

Question 8

texture gradient

Answer 8

textured elements becomes smaller and tightly packed with distance

Question 9

angle of regard

Answer 9

close and above/below our line of sights (angle of regard is less acute than when far away)

Question 10

atmospheric perspective

Answer 10

farther is fuzzier because of water molecules in the air

Question 11

linear perspective

Answer 11

illusion of depth by using parallel lines receding to a vanishing point

Question 12

relative distance to horizon

Answer 12

things closer to horizon seem farther away

Question 13

shading

Answer 13

shading makes 2d appear 3d

Question 14

motion parallax

Answer 14

between us and fixation point move fast and opposite to our motion
past our fix point move slow and in same direction

Question 15

accommodation

Answer 15

kinaesthetic information
ciliary muscles contract (Close objects)
ciliary muscles relax (far away objects)

Question 16

binocular depth cues

Answer 16

2 eyes needed for cue
convergence
binocular disparity

Question 17

convergence

Answer 17

angle of convergence is more acute for near than far objects
Descarte angles
not useful past 2m

Question 18

binocular disparity

Answer 18

each is eye is separate from each other

creates a disparity

Question 19

horopter

Answer 19

distance at which you fixate produces imaginary circle. objects that fall on the circle of the surface show no difference in disparity

Question 20

veith muller circle

Answer 20

the circle of horopter

Question 21

diplopia

Answer 21

double vision
happens when dont fall on horopter
greater diplopia = further away from horopter

Question 22

crossed / uncrossed disparity

Answer 22

crossed : objects between us and horopter

uncrossed: objected beyond horopter

Question 23

empiricist position of space perception

Answer 23

perceptual ability is learned through experience
we learn to associated cues for distance with info about distance
Berkeley 1709
Support: Visual Cliff

retinal image is inffuficient = 2D
we convert it 3d because of info learned

Question 24

constructive theory of space perception

Answer 24

version of empiricist that is more modern
stimuli is ambiguous.
perceiver is a problem solver
distance perception = problem solving using experience

Question 25

gibsonian approach

Answer 25

retina visual info is full of info
stimulus contains all info needed
DIRECT perception

Gibsons ground theory

Question 26

Gibsons ground theory

Answer 26

version of sibsonian approach

distance perception solely depends on texture gradient

Question 27

What do we do with the two distance perception theories?

Answer 27

complementary. richness of info in stimuli used to solve problem of perception

Question 28

computational approach

Answer 28

similar to constructive direct
“we need some knowledge to perceive correctly”
but “believes in richness of visual input

Question 29

final perception of distance equals

Answer 29

visual input, input from experiences, input from Dif modules

Question 30

size perception

Answer 30

size constancy requires consideration of retinal image as the size can change depending on distance

Question 31

size constancy theories

Answer 31

algorithm theory: perceptual system takes distance into account
relational theory: perceptual system uses size relation among objects to account for constancy

Question 32

types of size illusions

Answer 32

muller-flyer (misapplied constancy) 
sander illusion (depth) 
ponzo illusion (linear perspective) 
horizontal-vertical illusion 
moon illusion (relational/mental sky dome) 
AMES-ROOM

Question 33

Emmerts law

Answer 33

perceived linear size of object increases as its percieved distance increases