3.1 Development and Health Flashcards
Validity of development indicators
Average indicators- hide extremes within country eg. rich minority + poor majority
Single indicators- too broad (averages), disguise variations within countries
Areas of country- better than others eg. north-south divide
Some indicators- irrelevant to real quality of life in developing countries
HDI- health, wealth, education indicators, gives more balanced view of development
Subsistence farming- not included in wealth indicators (no profit)
Differences in development
Natural resources- oil, sold to generate income eg, Saudi Arabia
Terrain- mountains and steep slopes, difficult to farm, travel, earn for a living eg. Nepal
Climate- hot and dry causes desertification, difficult to grow crops eg. Mali
Natural disasters- destroys infrastructure + wipes out efforts of development eg. Philippines
Population size- high population limits development, strain on resources eg. India
Conflict- civil wars, unable to keep economy working (money spent on weapons) eg. Syria
Education- poor system, low skilled workers, can’t attract foreign investment eg. Chad
Debt- repay loans, reduces money available for services eg. Ethiopia
Malaria causes
Temperature: 15-40 degrees, 60% humidity
Female anopheles mosquito present to spread malaria, transferring plasmodium parasite
Stagnant water required to lay larvae
Exposed skin allows mosquito to bite while people sleep
Open vents + windows, mosquito bites people in house
Air travel contributes to the spread + open sewage creates stagnant water
Malaria impacts
Lots of family income spent on medicine, reduces money spent for services
Mosquito breeding season at same time as harvesting, malnutrition (can’t harvest)
Tourists avoid area, reduces revenue from visitors
Majority of GDP spent on preventing disease, less to spend on improving infrastructure
High absentee rate, less skilled workforce in future
Foreign companies won’t invest in area, unreliable workforce
Malaria management + effectiveness
Spray pesticides on walls in home to kill anopheles mosquito eg. DDT
Mosquitos became immune- alternative insecticide sprays too expensive
BTI bacteria artificially grown in coconuts- fermented then broken, thrown onto larvae infested ponds
Larvae eat bacteria and destroy their stomach lining, wasteful (repeated every 45 days)
Insect repellent use and cover skin at night when mosquitos most active, reduces chance of bitten
Increased the use insecticide coated nets at night, easy and cheap way too prevent bites
Medication to prevent infections eg. Malarone drugs which kill and prevent parasite
Effective for a short period but parasite adapts and become resistant
Larvae eating fish in stagnant ponds eg. Muddy Loach
When fish breed, farmers can eat fish for extra protein in diet, cost effective (multi-use)
Primary health care management + effectiveness
Vacc. prog. for preventable disease eg. UNICEF run polio imm. camp., delivered to rural areas where its difficult to access health care
By 2018, it was only endemic in 2 countries
Charities eg. Water Aid improve water and sanitation (install pit latrines)
People without access to drinking water fell + ash compost from latrines improve crop yield
Barefoot doctors provide health education and refer people to local hospitals if needed
Rural people find it hard to get to hospitals (far distance), takes pressure off busy hospitals
Insecticide treated bed nets give physical barrier against mosquito
Need to be treated regularly to be effective and are used as fish nets, washes off insecticide
