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RM: Pathophysiology > 3.1 Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

3.1 Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

First line of defense

A

Outer/Mechanical Barriers

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2
Q

Second line of defense

A

Inflammatory process + innate immune response

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3
Q

Third line of defense

A

IMMUNITY

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4
Q

What are the 2 purposes of immunity?

A
  • To defend the body against invasion/infection by antigens

- To patrol for/destroy abnormal or damaged cells

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5
Q

What happens when an INAPPROPRIATE IMMUNE RESPONSE occurs?

A

Disease + disorder

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6
Q

What are the components of adaptive immunity?

A

White Blood Cells from lymphoid line

  • T cells/lymphocytes
  • B cells/lymphocytes
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7
Q

What are the 2 types of T cells

white blood cells, adaptive immunity

A
  • cytotoxic

- helper

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8
Q

What is a type of B cell

white blood cell, humoral immunity, secrete antibodies

A
  • plasma cells = antibody production
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9
Q

What type of immune response is our adaptive immune response

A
  • SPECIFIC immune response

- important that body recognize foreign/abnormal cells

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10
Q

What does the body use to recognize our self cells?

A

Human Leukocyte Antigen Proteins (HLA)

  • immune system ignores own cells
  • recognizes antigens, bacteria, microorganisms
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11
Q

What is a special feature of adaptive immunity in encountering an antigen

A

Memory cells produced to respond quickly to antigens another time

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?

A
  • Cell mediated

- Humoral

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13
Q

Def. Cell Mediated

A
  • Mediated by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CD8 cells)
    • helper T Lymphocytes (Th1+2)
  • help defends/destroy against viruses
  • (since they invade self cells +; damage its DNA)
  • body needs to recognize self cells that are abnormal
  • generate memory cells
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14
Q

Def. Humoral Immunity

A
  • B Lymphocytes develop into plasma cells
  • which secrete Antibodies
    (IgA, D, E, G, M) who attack non self cells/antigens
  • generate memory cells
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15
Q

Def. Antigens

A
  • foreign substances
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16
Q

Def. Antibodies

A
  • released by B plasma cells

- recognize and defend against antigens

17
Q

Where are HLA’s located?

A

On Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Molecules

18
Q

What are Class I MHC molecules?

A
  • found on all cells w/ nucleus
  • presented outside cell
  • used as recognition system for self cells
  • what helps prevent immune system attack SELF cells
19
Q

What happens when nucleated cells become invaded w/ virus or become cancerous?

A

Class I MHC molecules alter

- body begins to attack altered MHC cells + destroys them

20
Q

What are Class II MHC molecules?

A
  • Restricted to immune cells
  • antigen presenting cells
  • B cells
  • macrophages (phagocytes)
  • once they engulf antigens, fragments of Class II MHC are put onto their surface
  • immune system recognises them, + mounts an attack upon the cells that engulfed the antigens
21
Q

What are the main antibodies

A
  • IgA
  • IgD
  • IgG
  • IgE
  • IgM
22
Q

IgG

A
  • most common (75-80%)
  • smallest
  • easily escapes bloodstream into interstitial fluid
  • antiviral, antitoxin, antibacterial
23
Q

IgM

A
  • 10% of circulating immunoglobulins
  • found in intravascular pool, cannot penetrate capillary wall
  • when we FIRST COME IN CONTACT w/ antigens = INITIAL RESPONSE
  • Found on B-cell surfaces
  • Activates complement system
24
Q

IgA

A
  • produced by plasma cells located in skin/mucous tissue
  • found in saliva, tears, tracheobronchial secretions, GI tract
  • prevents organisms from entering the body
  • attacks them before they enter
  • can be passed onto offspring via breast milk
25
Q

IgD

A
  • found on B cell membranes (w/ IgM)
  • small amounts in blood
  • thought to help stimulate b cells to multiply and differentiate into plasma and memory cells
  • leads to secretion of IgM+G

(not 100% clear)

26
Q

IgE

A
  • provides immunity against parasites
  • responsible for initiating inflammatory +; allergic reactions
  • binds to receptors on basophil +; mast cells (leads to mast cell degranulation, release of histamine, trigger of inflammatory response)
27
Q

What are the function of the 5 antibodies?

A
  1. Precipitation +; agglutination (bind w/ antibody to form complex, makes antigen larger to make easier to find by macrophages)
  2. Neutralization (of toxins released by antigens … spider/snake bites)
  3. Opsonization (coding of foreign antigens so that phagocytic cells can better recognize)
  4. Complement activation (activates inflammatory response to keep infection in localized area/prevent spread)
28
Q

Immunoglobulins + antibodies are important as they help in diagnosing certain tests

A

(memorize)

29
Q

What are some Diagnostic Tests?

A
  • Titer/titre
  • Indirect Coombs test
  • Elisa
  • MHC Typing
30
Q

Titer/titre

A

Measures levels of serum immunoglobulins

31
Q

Indirect Coombs test

A

Detects Rh blood incompatibility

32
Q

Elisa

A

Detects for HIV antibodies

33
Q

MHC typing

A

Tissue matching before transplant procedures

34
Q

Which 2 antibodies also have a primary and secondary immune response?

A

IgM +; IgG

35
Q

Primary Response

A
  • First exposure to antigen (first encounter)
  • 1/2 weeks for body to build efficacy (to rid body of antigen)
  • (IgM kicks in first + quickly)
36
Q

Secondary Response

A
  • Next encounter of antigen
  • Thanks to memory cells
  • more rapid efficacy (1-3 days)
  • lack of manifestation of invasion
  • (IgG kicks in first + quickly)
37
Q

What are the types of ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

A
  • Natural immunity (active/passive)
  • Innate immunity (born with)
  • Acquired immunity (active/passive)
38
Q

Active Immunity

A

Body has done something to develop immunity on own

  • Natural - natural exposure to antigen (getting chicken pox once…won’t get it again)
  • Artificial - antigen purposely introduced to body (vaccine)
  • — typically weakened or dead
39
Q

Passive Immunity

A
  • Natural: IgG from mother to child (placenta, breast milk),
  • Artificial: injection of antibodies

both short term

RM: Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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