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RM: Pathophysiology > 2.2 Inflammation > Flashcards

2.2 Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What encapsulates the body’s FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

A
  • non-specific mechanism (general)
  • mechanical barriers (skin/mucous membranes)
  • body secretions (saliva, tears)
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2
Q

What are the functions of MECHANICAL BARRIERS

A

Block entry of bacteria/harmful substances

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3
Q

What are the functions of BODY SECRETIONS

A

Contain enzymes/chemicals that inactivate/destroy potentially damaging material

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4
Q

What encapsulates the body’s SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

A
  • non-specific
  • phagocytosis
  • INFLAMMATION
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5
Q

What is PHAGOSYTOSIS

A

Neutrophils & Macrophages engulf & destroy bacteria, cell debris, foreign matter

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6
Q

What is INFLAMMATION

A
  • Protective response at the SITE of injury
  • A sequence of events intended to localize & remove injury & dangerous agents inside body
  • inflammation = sign of potential problem hidden in body
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7
Q

What encapsulates the body’s THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE

A
  • SPECIFIC

- Immune response

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8
Q

What is an IMMUNE RESPONSE

A

Provides protection by simulating
- unique antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes
following exposure to specific substances

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9
Q

What are the THREE PURPOSES of inflammatory response?

A
  • neutralize + destroy harmful, invading agents
  • limit spread of harmful agents to other tissue
  • prepare damaged tissue for repair
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10
Q

What suffix = INFLAMMATION?

A
  • ITIS

i. e. pancreatitis: inflammation of pancreas
i. e. apendicitis: inflammation of the appendix
i. e. laryngitis: inflammation of the larynx

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11
Q

What causes inflammation?

A
  • direct physical damage (cuts, sprains, SURGERY, TRAUMA)
  • CAUSTIC CHEMICALS (acids, drain cleaners)
  • ISCHEMIA (inadequate blood supply)
  • allergic reaction
  • WEATHER/TEMPERATURE EXTREMES
  • foreign bodies
  • infection
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12
Q

What is the PROCESS OF INFLAMMATION (?)

A
  1. Injury
  2. Endothelial binding of neutrophils & macrophages
    - Vasoactive (enlarge blood vessels) chemicals → 3. Vasodilation
    - Chemokines (attract WBC to infection site)
  3. Emigration of neutrophils & macrophages into tissue
  4. Phagocytosis (injection of bacteria)
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13
Q

What causes the severity of inflammation to vary?

A

specific cause & duration of exposure

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14
Q

What are the local effects of inflammation?

A
  • REDNESS (rubor) - capillary dilation = increased blood flow
  • SWELLING/EDEMA (tumor) - shift of proteins (increased permeability) & fluid
  • HEAT (calor) - increased fluid pressure
  • PAIN (dolor)
  • loss of function (functio laesa)
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15
Q

What are the systemic effects of inflammation

A
  • mild FEVER (pyrexia)
  • FATIGUE/MALAISE
  • HEADACHE
  • ANOREXIA (lessened appetite)/WEIGHT LOSS
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16
Q

What causes fever?

A
  • PYROGENS

- circulate in blood - trigger HYPOTHALAMUS (maintains temperature) to reset to a higher temp

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17
Q

What are compensatory mechanisms?

A

responses to pyrogens & production of fever to INCREASE BODY TEMP

  • shivering
  • vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
  • increase in basal metabolic rate
18
Q

Define INFLAMMATORY EXUDATES

A
  • any fluid that filters from the circulatory system into the lesion/area of inflammation
  • leaks out of blood vessels & into nearby tissue
  • can be pus-like or clear
19
Q

What are the functions of INFLAMMATORY EXUDATES?

A
  • Transport leukocytes (WBC) & antibodies
  • Dilute toxins & irritants
  • Transport nutrients for tissue repair
20
Q

What are the different types of INFLAMMATORY EXUDATES

A
  • SEROUS - watery, primarily fluid, some proteins & wbc’s
  • SANGUINOUS - bloody
  • SEROSANGUINOUS - mostly serous w/ some red blood cells
  • FIBRINOUS - thick, sticky, high cell & fibrin
  • PURULENT - (pus) thick, yellow-green, leucocytes, cell debris, microorganisms
21
Q

T/F

The BLOOD does not change during INFLAMMATION

A

False

changes in the blood occur during inflammation

22
Q

What are the changes in blood that occur with inflammation?

A
  • LEUKOCYTOSIS
  • DIFFERENTIAL COUNT
  • PLASMA PROTEINS
  • INCREASED C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
  • INCREASED ESR
  • CELL ENZYMES
23
Q

Define LEUKOCYTOSIS

A
  • increase in WBC

- allows for neutrophils to go to injured area and engulf (phagocytose) invading agents

24
Q

Define C-REACTIVE PROTEIN

A
  • not normally in blood
  • used as inflammatory marker
  • appears with acute inflammation & necrosis
25
Q

Define ESR

A
  • increase the rate that red blood cells settle in a sample
26
Q

In someone w/ a systemic infection that causes systemic inflammation/response, what occurs with their cells?

A

LEUKOCYTOSIS
An elevated WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT
- used as marker/diagnostic tool for infection
- looking for GREATER THAN 11,000

  • normal is 4,5k-11k
27
Q

In regards to cellular changes that occur with inflammation:

When looking at LEUKOCYTES, what do we look at?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
28
Q

Neutrophils…

A

responsible for PHAGOCYTOSIS - FIRST to migrate to site of inflammation

29
Q

Basophils…

A

release HISTAMINE (capillary dilation - leading to inflammation)

30
Q

Eosinophils…

A

increase ALLERGIC RESPONSE

31
Q

What are MACROPHAGES?

A

Mature MONOCYTES (large phagocytic cell) that have migrated into tissue from blood

32
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Elevated white blood cell count

33
Q

What is “a shift to the left”

A

Elevated immature neutrophils/BANDS (greater than 6)

34
Q

What is ACUTE INFLAMMATION

A
  • short, less than 2 weeks
  • discrete (separate, distinct) set of events
  • minimal scarring
35
Q

What is CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

A
  • may develop after an acute episode when cause not completely eradicated (more than 2 weeks)
  • more diffuse (widespread)
  • lasts a long period
  • may result in scar tissue/deformity
36
Q

What are COMPLICATIONS of INFLAMMATION

A
  • INFECTION (microorganisms can more easily penetrate tissue)
  • DEEP ULCERS (lack of cell regeneration = erosion of tissue)
  • SKELETAL MUSCLE SPASM (response to pain)
  • LOCAL COMPLICATION (include obstruction, loss of sensation, decreased cell function)
37
Q

What are the goals of TREATING INFLAMMATION

A
  • Reducing blood flow to area
  • Decrease swelling
  • Block action of chemical mediators
  • Decrease pain
38
Q

What are NON PHARMACOLOGIC INFLAMMATION TREATMENTS?

A

RICE therapy

  • Rest
  • Ice
  • Compression
  • Elevate
39
Q

Define AMBULATING

A

Movement (via walking)

40
Q

What are PHARMALOGIC INFLAMMATION TREATMENTS

A
  • Acetylsalicylic acid - ASPIRIN
  • Acetaminophen - TYLENOL
  • Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - IBUPROFEN (advil, motrin), NAPROXEN SODIUM (Aleve)
  • Glucocorticoids - CorticoSTEROIDS (Prednisone)
41
Q

What are side effects to Glucocorticoids/STEROIDS

A
  • Lymphoid tissue atrophy (wbc reduction)
  • Delayed healing
  • Catabolic effects (breakdown of substances)
  • Delayed growth in children
  • Retention of sodium+water

RM: Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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