2.2 Inflammation Flashcards
What encapsulates the body’s FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
- non-specific mechanism (general)
- mechanical barriers (skin/mucous membranes)
- body secretions (saliva, tears)
What are the functions of MECHANICAL BARRIERS
Block entry of bacteria/harmful substances
What are the functions of BODY SECRETIONS
Contain enzymes/chemicals that inactivate/destroy potentially damaging material
What encapsulates the body’s SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
- non-specific
- phagocytosis
- INFLAMMATION
What is PHAGOSYTOSIS
Neutrophils & Macrophages engulf & destroy bacteria, cell debris, foreign matter
What is INFLAMMATION
- Protective response at the SITE of injury
- A sequence of events intended to localize & remove injury & dangerous agents inside body
- inflammation = sign of potential problem hidden in body
What encapsulates the body’s THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
- SPECIFIC
- Immune response
What is an IMMUNE RESPONSE
Provides protection by simulating
- unique antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes
following exposure to specific substances
What are the THREE PURPOSES of inflammatory response?
- neutralize + destroy harmful, invading agents
- limit spread of harmful agents to other tissue
- prepare damaged tissue for repair
What suffix = INFLAMMATION?
- ITIS
i. e. pancreatitis: inflammation of pancreas
i. e. apendicitis: inflammation of the appendix
i. e. laryngitis: inflammation of the larynx
What causes inflammation?
- direct physical damage (cuts, sprains, SURGERY, TRAUMA)
- CAUSTIC CHEMICALS (acids, drain cleaners)
- ISCHEMIA (inadequate blood supply)
- allergic reaction
- WEATHER/TEMPERATURE EXTREMES
- foreign bodies
- infection
What is the PROCESS OF INFLAMMATION (?)
- Injury
- Endothelial binding of neutrophils & macrophages
- Vasoactive (enlarge blood vessels) chemicals → 3. Vasodilation
- Chemokines (attract WBC to infection site) - Emigration of neutrophils & macrophages into tissue
- Phagocytosis (injection of bacteria)
What causes the severity of inflammation to vary?
specific cause & duration of exposure
What are the local effects of inflammation?
- REDNESS (rubor) - capillary dilation = increased blood flow
- SWELLING/EDEMA (tumor) - shift of proteins (increased permeability) & fluid
- HEAT (calor) - increased fluid pressure
- PAIN (dolor)
- loss of function (functio laesa)
What are the systemic effects of inflammation
- mild FEVER (pyrexia)
- FATIGUE/MALAISE
- HEADACHE
- ANOREXIA (lessened appetite)/WEIGHT LOSS
What causes fever?
- PYROGENS
- circulate in blood - trigger HYPOTHALAMUS (maintains temperature) to reset to a higher temp
What are compensatory mechanisms?
responses to pyrogens & production of fever to INCREASE BODY TEMP
- shivering
- vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
- increase in basal metabolic rate
Define INFLAMMATORY EXUDATES
- any fluid that filters from the circulatory system into the lesion/area of inflammation
- leaks out of blood vessels & into nearby tissue
- can be pus-like or clear
What are the functions of INFLAMMATORY EXUDATES?
- Transport leukocytes (WBC) & antibodies
- Dilute toxins & irritants
- Transport nutrients for tissue repair
What are the different types of INFLAMMATORY EXUDATES
- SEROUS - watery, primarily fluid, some proteins & wbc’s
- SANGUINOUS - bloody
- SEROSANGUINOUS - mostly serous w/ some red blood cells
- FIBRINOUS - thick, sticky, high cell & fibrin
- PURULENT - (pus) thick, yellow-green, leucocytes, cell debris, microorganisms
T/F
The BLOOD does not change during INFLAMMATION
False
changes in the blood occur during inflammation
What are the changes in blood that occur with inflammation?
- LEUKOCYTOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL COUNT
- PLASMA PROTEINS
- INCREASED C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
- INCREASED ESR
- CELL ENZYMES
Define LEUKOCYTOSIS
- increase in WBC
- allows for neutrophils to go to injured area and engulf (phagocytose) invading agents
Define C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
- not normally in blood
- used as inflammatory marker
- appears with acute inflammation & necrosis
Define ESR
- increase the rate that red blood cells settle in a sample
In someone w/ a systemic infection that causes systemic inflammation/response, what occurs with their cells?
LEUKOCYTOSIS
An elevated WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT
- used as marker/diagnostic tool for infection
- looking for GREATER THAN 11,000
- normal is 4,5k-11k
In regards to cellular changes that occur with inflammation:
When looking at LEUKOCYTES, what do we look at?
- Neutrophils
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
Neutrophils…
responsible for PHAGOCYTOSIS - FIRST to migrate to site of inflammation
Basophils…
release HISTAMINE (capillary dilation - leading to inflammation)
Eosinophils…
increase ALLERGIC RESPONSE
What are MACROPHAGES?
Mature MONOCYTES (large phagocytic cell) that have migrated into tissue from blood
Leukocytosis
Elevated white blood cell count
What is “a shift to the left”
Elevated immature neutrophils/BANDS (greater than 6)
What is ACUTE INFLAMMATION
- short, less than 2 weeks
- discrete (separate, distinct) set of events
- minimal scarring
What is CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
- may develop after an acute episode when cause not completely eradicated (more than 2 weeks)
- more diffuse (widespread)
- lasts a long period
- may result in scar tissue/deformity
What are COMPLICATIONS of INFLAMMATION
- INFECTION (microorganisms can more easily penetrate tissue)
- DEEP ULCERS (lack of cell regeneration = erosion of tissue)
- SKELETAL MUSCLE SPASM (response to pain)
- LOCAL COMPLICATION (include obstruction, loss of sensation, decreased cell function)
What are the goals of TREATING INFLAMMATION
- Reducing blood flow to area
- Decrease swelling
- Block action of chemical mediators
- Decrease pain
What are NON PHARMACOLOGIC INFLAMMATION TREATMENTS?
RICE therapy
- Rest
- Ice
- Compression
- Elevate
Define AMBULATING
Movement (via walking)
What are PHARMALOGIC INFLAMMATION TREATMENTS
- Acetylsalicylic acid - ASPIRIN
- Acetaminophen - TYLENOL
- Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - IBUPROFEN (advil, motrin), NAPROXEN SODIUM (Aleve)
- Glucocorticoids - CorticoSTEROIDS (Prednisone)
What are side effects to Glucocorticoids/STEROIDS
- Lymphoid tissue atrophy (wbc reduction)
- Delayed healing
- Catabolic effects (breakdown of substances)
- Delayed growth in children
- Retention of sodium+water
