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RM: Pathophysiology > 2.1 Neoplasms & Cancer > Flashcards

2.1 Neoplasms & Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What type of illness is CANCER?

A

Cancer is a CHRONIC illness

- persistent, reoccurring

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2
Q

T/F - Cancer is one type of disease

A

FALSE

There are over 100 different types of Cancer diseases

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3
Q

What bodily structure is cancer based in?

A

Cancer is a CELLULAR based disease

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4
Q

What age increases the risk of developing cancer?

A

Greater than 55-60 years old

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5
Q

What are the most prevalent cancers for men and women in the us?

A

Women - breast cancer

Men - prostate cancer

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6
Q

Which cancer has maintained a poor prognosis in spite of medical advancement?

A

Pancreas

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7
Q

What causes cells to be deemed as cancerous?

A

The lack of proper cell division or differentiation

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8
Q

Which cell adaptation can be considered as precancerous

A

Dysplasia

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9
Q

What cellSo adaptation is known as a new growth or tumor

A

Neoplasia

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10
Q

What is known as the total lack of differentiation of cells

A

Neoplasm

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11
Q

Defined ANAPLASIA

A

the irreversible in-differentiation of cells

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12
Q

Define PLEOMORPHISM

A

Changes in the size & shape of undifferentiated cancer cells

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13
Q

Which types of cells are not usually prone to becoming cancerous
- Why?

A
  • Neurons & skeletal cells
  • & muscle cells
  • These cells do not reproduce
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14
Q

What are typical cells in which cancer can occur?

A

Skin, liver, blood cells
Some bone cells
- these reproduce very quickly (can mutate, become cancerous, reproduce, spread.)

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15
Q

What is the function of normal PROGENITOR cells?

A

Allow for cell regeneration

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16
Q

How can PROGENITOR cells give rise to cancer?

A

When they are mutated, malfunctioning/cancerous

They divide rapidly & produce a large, growing number of cancer cells

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17
Q

Define a TUMOR

A

A large amount of cancer cells coming together to make 1 mass

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18
Q

What is another term for a tumor?

A

NEOPLASM

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19
Q

What is a MALIGNANT tumor?

A

Cancerous & deadly

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20
Q

What is a BENIGN tumor?

A

Noncancerous, harmless

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21
Q

What does the suffix -oma mean?

A

Benign tumor

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22
Q

What does the suffix -carcinoma mean?

A

Malignant tumor

Epithelial origin

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23
Q

What does the suffix -sarcoma mean?

A

Malignant tumor

Connective tissue origin

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24
Q

What does the root LIP- mean?

A

Fatty tissue

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25
Q

What does the root ADENO- mean?

A

Gland tissue

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26
Q

What does the root FIBRO- mean?

A

Fibrous tissue

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27
Q

Define LIPOMA

A

Benign tumor or fatty tissue

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28
Q

Define Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumor of epithelial lining of a gland

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29
Q

Define Fibrosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of connective fibrous tissue

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30
Q

How don’t BENIGN tumors spread to other parts of the body?

A

It is encapsulated,
cell don’t shed
& grow/spread to other parts of body

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31
Q

T/F All tumors are cancerous

A

False

Some tumors may be benign, and non cancerous

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32
Q

What are characteristics of Benign tumors?

A
  • encapsulated
  • slow growing
  • differentiated cells
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33
Q

What are characteristics of Malignant tumors?

A
  • non encapsulated (can break off & spread)

- non-differentiated cells

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34
Q

Define Angiogensis

A
  • The building of a blood supply by a malignant tumor

- pulls nutrients etc. from tissue that needs it

35
Q

What are the factors that lead to MALIGNANT CANCER?

A
  • proper growth signals
  • insensitivity to antigrowth signals
  • evading apoptosis (suicide of “bad” cells)
  • unlimited replication
  • angiogenesis
  • tissue evasion, metastasis
36
Q

What is CONTACT INHIBITION? Do malignant tumors have it?

A
  • the cessation of cell growth due to a lack of space

- malignant tumors lack this

37
Q

Do the cells of MALIGNANT TUMORS adhere to each other?

A

No
They can break off and invade other tissue
They can also spread throughout the body

38
Q

Define DIRECT EXTENSION

A

cancer that has grown past the basement membrane and into surrounding tissue

39
Q

Define SEEDING

A

When cancer cells break off & either thru lymphatic/blood stream, move throughout the body - seed in new area

40
Q

Define METASTASIS

A

Development of secondary tumor through direct extension & seeding

41
Q

Define ISCHEMIA

A

Inadequate blood flow cause by some sort of blockage to arteries/veins

42
Q

How can tumors cause ischemia?

A

Tumors may grow and compress blood vessels, cutting off blood flow

43
Q

Can tumors have systemic effects? Examples.

A

Yes, they secrete HORMONES that can mimic body hormones & alter water, sodium, calcium etc. balance

44
Q

Define NEOPLASM

A

Abnormal cell growth

45
Q

In ignoring genetic controls, how do neoplastic/cancerous cells behave

A
  • They become autonomous in their proliferation (excessive multiplication)
  • They become anaplastic (lose differentiation)
46
Q

What kinds of genes, when mutated, lead to cancerous issues?

A

Genes in charge of DIFFERENTIATION & PROLIFERATION

47
Q

What are some specific genes, when mutated, lead to cancer?

A
  • MUTATOR GENES
  • PROTOONCOGENES
  • TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES
  • APOPTOSIS CONTROLLING GENES
  • DNA DAMAGE REPAIR GENES
48
Q

What happens when MUTATOR GENES mutate?

A
  • Since they control/prevent the development of mutated genes
  • when mutated, mutated genes occur more often and faster
49
Q

What type of cells, when mutated, do not pass down their mutation

A

White blood cells, skin/epithelial cells (at their last stage)

50
Q

Why do certain cells lack the capability to pass down mutations?

A

Cells such as skin & WBC do not further divide, and instead die and are replaced by new, healthy cells.
Therefore, the mutation dies with them

51
Q

Why do certain cells lack the capability to pass down mutations?

A
  • Cells such as skin & WBC do not further divide, and instead die and are replaced by new, healthy cells.
  • Therefore, the mutation dies with them
52
Q
  • Which type of cells are able to pass down mutation?

- why?

A
  • Germline/stem cell

- these are the types of cells that differentiate & divide → will pass down mutation to progeny

53
Q

What is the general name of the cause of cellular mutations?

A

Carcinogens

54
Q

What are some common diseases that lead to cancer?

A
  • GERD

- Chronic pancreatitis

55
Q

What factor do the two common diseases that lead to cancer share?

A

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION of their associated organ

56
Q
  • What is GERD?

- what happens to those with GERD?

A
  • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

- Their esophagus becomes inflamed

57
Q

What chronic occurrence is an important factor to cancer development

A

chronic INFLAMMATION

58
Q
  • What substances do inflammatory cells release?

- Why is this significant

A
  • they release CYTOKINE (important in cell signalling)
  • may aid in development of cancer when the inflammation is chronic
  • & they release free radicals
59
Q

How is CHRONIC INFLAMMATION important to CANCER FORMATION?

A
  • causes release of cytokine & free radicals

- leads to decreased response to DNA damage

60
Q

Regarding IMMUNITY, why might someone be at a high risk for cancer?

A
  • Someone who is immunosuppressed (HIV, etc) has a reduced immune response
  • tumor cells not recognized and destroyed as efficiently
61
Q

What are the 8 warning signs of CANCER?

A
  1. unusual bleeding/discharge
  2. change in bowel/bladder habits
  3. change in wart/mole
  4. sore that doesn’t heal
  5. unexplained weight loss
  6. anemia (low red blood cells) & persistent fatigue
  7. persistent cough/hoarseness
  8. solid painless lump
62
Q

Are tumors painful?

A

Tumors become painful in later stages. At first they are usually painless

63
Q

What might tumors do to blood vessels?

A

They may push upon a blood vessel, cause pain and cause the tissue to not get enough blood flow

64
Q

What effect might tumors have on tissue?

A
  • by pressing upon them
  • they constrict them
  • may cause the erosion of the blood vessels
  • leading to ulcers & necrosis
  • they may rupture - lead to bleeding & hemorrhage
65
Q

What are the 6 systemic effects of MALIGNANT TUMORS?

A
  • WEIGHT LOSS/CACHEXIA (fatigue/weakness)
  • ANEMIA (red blood cell deficiency)
  • SEVERE FATIGUE
  • EFFUSIONS (fluid build up in body cavities due to inflammation)
  • INFECTIONS (anemia/lack of nourishment = less resistance)
  • PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROME (tumors release hormones that act as body hormones, alter gland function, water/nutritional balance)
66
Q

What are the 5 Diagnostic Tests for Cancer?

A
  • ROUTINE SCREENING
  • SELF EXAM
  • BLOOD TEST
  • RADIOGRAPHIC/ULTRASOUND/MRI/CT SCAN
  • CYTOLOGIC TESTS
67
Q

What is the significance of a ROUTINE SCREENING

A
  • secondary level of prevention

- important for EARLY DETECTION

68
Q

What are some primary levels of prevention for CANCER?

A

Decrease risk for different types of cancer

  • wearing sunscreen outside
  • not smoking
  • not drinking alcohol
69
Q

What is the significance of a SELF EXAM

A
  • Important for EARLY DETECTION if consistent
70
Q

What is the significance of BLOOD TESTS

A
  • involve tumor markers that test for specific antigens that may be linked to cancer
  • monitoring blood cell level during treatment (due to anemia) is important as well
71
Q

What is the significance of RADIOGRAPHIC, ULTRASOUND, MRI, CT SCANS?

A
  • When there is a suspected mass/lesion
  • Radiographic testing = X RAY
  • Ultrasound
  • MRI = magnetic resonance imaging
  • CT scan
  • examines at mass/lump closely
  • not a diagnosis
72
Q

What is needed in addition to a Radiographic/ultrasound/mri/ct scan to make a DIAGNOSIS?

A
  • removal & analysis of the suspected/mass lesion

= BIOPSY

73
Q

What else is a BIOPSY helpful for

A
  • cancer STAGING
  • testing for factors that may aid in treatment
  • MOST DEPENDENT in determining MALIGNANCY
74
Q

What classification system is used to stage tumors after biopsies?

A

TNM Classification System

may be modified slightly based on type of cancer

75
Q

T in TNM Classification =

A
  • PRIMARY TUMOR
  • WHERE tumor is located
  • graded based on SIZE
  • Tis = Carcinoma in situ = early stage
  • t1,2,3,4 = as it spreads, graded by size
76
Q

N in TNM Classification =

A
  • REGIONAL LYMPH NODES
  • when cancer cells are found in nearby lymph nodes
  • graded based on # of lymph nodes it’s in
77
Q

M in TNM Classification =

A
  • METASTASIS
78
Q

THREE MAIN GOALS OF CANCER TREATMENT

A
  • CURATIVE - ***
  • CONTROL - may not be able to cure, but hopefully can control, keep from metastasizing/spreading
  • PALLIATIVE - in case of poor prognosis - keeping patient comfortable
79
Q

What are the three factors that determine the type of treatment one receives for cancer?

A
  • cancer TYPE
  • LOCATION
  • STAGE
80
Q

What are 6 cancer treatments?

A
  • CHEMO
  • RADIATION
  • SURGERY
  • IMMUNOTHERAPY
  • HORMONES
  • PALLIATIVE CARE
81
Q

What is a side effect of SURGERY on a tumor?

A
  • removal of surrounding tissue may result in changes/loss in function
82
Q

What is the significance of RADIATION THERAPY

A
  • targets/destroys rapidly dividing cells
  • can be used alone/combination
  • some cancers are resistant (known through biopsy)
  • can debulk/shrink tumor size
83
Q

What are SIDE EFFECTS of RADIATION THERAPY

A
  • attacking/destroying GOOD, HEALTHY rapidly dividing cells
  • BONE MARROW CELLS - red/white blood cell production
  • EPITHELIAL (lining) cells = ulcers, lesions
  • GERM CELLS = infertility
84
Q

What is the significance of CHEMOTHERAPHY

A
  • like Radiation - trying to attack rapidly dividing cells
  • similar adverse effects + damage to organs (kidney, heart, lungs, liver)
  • can be alone or used with surgery/radiation
  • combo of 2-4 drugs - interfere w/ protein synthesis/DNA replication

RM: Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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