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RM: Pathophysiology > 1.2 Cellular Changes > Flashcards

1.2 Cellular Changes Flashcards

1
Q
  • What is (cellular) STRESS?

- What does it lead to?

A
  • Stress is a physical, emotional, or chemical factor
  • Leads to changes/injuries that are initially reversible
  • Leads to increased functional demand
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2
Q

When do cellular changes become irreversible?

A

After prolonged stress

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3
Q

What is NECROSIS?

A
  • Death of cells in tissues or organs

- Result of severe/prolonged stress

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4
Q

What are all the reversible CELL GROWTH CHANGES?

A
  • ATROPHY - cell size decrease
  • HYPERTROPHY - cell size increase
  • HYPERPLASIA - cell number increase
  • METAPLASIA - cell type change
  • DYSPLASIA - cell structure change/mismatch
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5
Q

Define ATROPHY

A
  • DECREASE in cell SIZE

- caused by DISUSE of cell

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6
Q

Define HYPERTROPHY

A
  • INCREASE in cell SIZE
  • may/not be beneficial
  • Enlarged tissue mass
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7
Q

Define HYPERPLASIA

A
  • INCREASE in cell NUMBER

- Enlarged tissue mass

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8
Q

Define METAPLASIA

A
  • CHANGE in cell TYPE
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9
Q

Define DYSPLASIA

A
  • CHANGE in cell STRUCTURE
  • cells become IMMATURE
  • all cells NON UNIFORM
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10
Q

What are the irreversible CELL GROWTH CHANGES

A
  • NEOPLASIA - cancer

- ANAPLASIA - undifferentiated cells

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11
Q

Define NEOPLASIA

A
  • new growth/tumor
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12
Q

Define ANAPLASIA

A
  • extremely undifferentiated cells

- implies advanced cancer

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13
Q

What are other REVERSIBLE cell injuries?

A
  • Cellular swelling

- Intracellular Accumulations

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14
Q

What are the Etiologies (causes) of CELL INJURY?

A
  • Hypoxia
  • Ischemia
  • Free radical
  • Nutritional
  • Infectious
  • Chemical
  • Physical
  • Mechanical
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15
Q

Define HYPOXIA

A

Injury due to Lack of oxygen

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16
Q

Define ISCHEMIA

A

Lack of blood flow

  • leads to buildup of metabolic waste
  • & lack of nutrition
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17
Q

Define FREE RADICAL INJUY

A

Injury due to Poor/lack of metabolism of certain substances

or, due to large amount of energy exposure

18
Q

Define INFECTIOUS INJURY

A

An additional injury due to the triggering of an immune response & the attacking of bacteria

19
Q

Define CHEMICAL INJURY

A
  • Can be directly from chemicals

- Or indirectly from substances that metabolize into chemicals that react negatively with the body

20
Q

Give examples of situations that give rise to PHYSICAL INJURIES

A
  • changes in altitude
  • changes in atmospheric pressure
  • extreme temperature changes
21
Q

Define MECHANICAL INJURY

A

Injury resulting from trauma

- can be ELECTRIC - which disrupts neural & cardiac impulses & leads to thermal burns

22
Q

What is HYDROPIC SWELLING

A
  • CELLULAR SWELLING
  • usually the FIRST manifestation of REVERSIBLE cell injury
  • due to WATER accumulation from malfunction of SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP
  • –megaly
23
Q

What are INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATIONS

A
  • when normal body substances (protein, melanin) build up in body
  • or, build up due to faulty metabolism
  • or, exogenous (foreign) product that is unable to be processed/metabolized
24
Q

What is one type of reversible intracellular accumulation?

A
  • LIPID DEPOSITION

- or Lipid accumulation

25
Q

Define FREE RADICAL FORMATION

A
  • FREE RADICAL = uncharged atom/atoms that contain unpaired electron = negative charge
  • Unstable, damaging to cell
  • Occurs due to exposure to large amounts of energy
  • Cause damage via lipid peroxidation
26
Q

Define LIPID PEROXIDATION

A
  • when free radicals steal electrons from lipid membranes & damage the cell
  • the lipid then degrades
27
Q

Define NECROSIS

A
  • Cell death in organ/tissue
  • Can result in addtl. damage (starts locally, spreads)
  • Usually results from ischemia/injury
  • Cell ruptures (membrane damage) & contents spill out
  • Triggers inflammatory process
28
Q

What are the 4 types of NECROSIS

A
  • coagulative
  • liquefactive
  • fat
  • caseous
29
Q

Define COAGULATIVE NECROSIS

A
  • Cell death due to ISCHEMIA/lack of blood flow

then

  • energy is lost
  • sodium-potassium pump stops working
  • sodium → water builds up in cell
  • cell swells
  • attempts to produce ATP (b/c energy lost) results in acid build up
  • acid + water ruptures membrane
30
Q

Define LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS

A
  • Dead cell/tissue becomes liquid
  • Dead cells are dissolved by lysosomal enzymes
  • surrounding healthy tissue is damaged
  • abscess/cyst forms = with liquid inside
31
Q

Define CASEOUS NECROSIS

A
  • Death to lung cells

- Result of TUBERCULOSIS

32
Q

Define FAT NECROSIS

A
  • Adipose/fat tissue death due to TRAUMA
33
Q

What are some consequences of NECROSIS

A
  • loss of function
  • localized inflammatory response
  • or, systemic response e.g. fever
  • bacterial invasion site → infection
34
Q

Define GANGRENE

A
  • cell death of LARGE area of tissue

- due to lack of blood supply to body part

35
Q

What are the types of GANGRENE?

A
  • dry
  • wet
  • gas
36
Q

Define DRY GANGRENE

A
  • form of COAGULATIVE necrosis (cell death-lack of blood from poor circulation)
  • slow spreading
  • black, dry, wrinkled tissue
  • strict line of demarcation
  • tissue must be removed
37
Q

Define WET GANGRENE

A
  • form of LIQUEFACTIVE necrosis
  • fast spreading
  • found more often in internal organs
  • no strict line of demarcation
38
Q

Define GAS GANGRENE

A
  • comes after dry/wet gangrene
  • from infection of dead/necrotic tissue by Clostridium (anaerobic bacteria)
  • forms gas bubbles (as bacteria is metabolized)
39
Q

Define Necrotic Tissue

A

DEAD TISSUE

40
Q

Define APOPTOSIS

A
  • triggering of cascade that activates cell suicide
  • no inflammation, no further damage
  • “clean, neat, cell suicide”
  • allows new healthy cell formation

RM: Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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