3001 2-4

Question 1

Questionnaires

Answer 1

Inexpensive

Difficult to motivate respondents
Neither the respondent nor the researcher can seek clarification

Response rate can be low

Question 2

Interviews

Answer 2

More expensive to administer
Higher response rate, less chance of response bias

Respondent can ask questions, interviewer can ask for clarification of responses

Possibility of interviewer bias

Question 3

Response bias

Answer 3

When survey or questionnaire, respondents answer in a way that systematically distorts the results. This bias can happen due to various psychological and social factors.

Question 4

Interviewer bias

Answer 4

happens when an interviewer’s behavior, tone, or phrasing influences participants’ responses, either consciously or unconsciously.

Question 5

Sampling –

Answer 5

selecting a sample to draw
conclusions about the population

Question 6

Representative sample

Answer 6

sample characteristics closely match population characteristic

Question 7

Simple random sampling

Answer 7

randomly select participants
from the population of interests

Question 8

Stratified random sampling

Answer 8

Divide the population into strata.

Select a random sample (often of equal size) from each stratu.m

Guarantees that some of each group will be in the sample

This might lead to overrepresentation of a group

Question 9

cluster sampling

Answer 9

A type of probability sampling where the population is divided into clusters (groups), and entire clusters are randomly selected for the study

Question 10

Nonprobability sampling

Answer 10

Any sampling method where participants are not chosen randomly, meaning not everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected. This can introduce bias but is often used when random sampling is not feasible.

Question 11

Quota sampling

Answer 11

A type of nonprobability sampling where researchers divide the population into subgroups (quotas) and select participants non-randomly until each subgroup reaches a specified quota.

Question 12

response rate

Answer 12

percentage of the sample that responds

A low response rate may indicate a biased sample (response bias)

Question 13

Quantitative Approaches

Answer 13

Choose a behavior of interest
-e.g., helping behavior, approach/avoidance behavior, eye
contact, length of conversation, etc.

Choose measure of behavior
-e.g., eye contact: yes or no; duration of eye contact

Allows us to perform statistical analyses

Question 14

Qualitative Approaches

Answer 14

Narrative record

Written, audio, or video

Behaviors are then classified and organized

Record should be made as soon as possible

Question 15

Narrative record

Answer 15

record of behavior as it occurred

Question 16

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 16

observation of behavior without any attempt to intervene

Question 17

researcher Participation

Answer 17

researcher becomes a member of the
group that is under observation

Problems:

being a participant can affect objectivity

an observer might influence the behavior of others

Question 18

Concealment

Answer 18

disguised vs. undisguised observation

Addresses problems with reactivity (when observation changes the subject’s behavior)

In undisguised observation, use desensitization and habituation

Question 19

Advantage of naturalistic observation

Answer 19

useful for describing behavior and relationships between variables under natural circumstances (external
validity)

Question 20

the disadvantage of naturalistic observation

Answer 20

No control by the researcher, therefore no inference of cause and effect (at best, correlational research)

Question 21

Systematic Observation

Answer 21

study of one or more specific behaviors in a particular setting