3001-2 Flashcards
Principle A:
Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
Principle B:
Fidelity and Responsibility
Establish relationships of trust. Recognize scientific and professional responsibilities to society and the community.
Principle C:
Integrity
Report data honestly and accurately. Do not cheat.
Principle D:
Justice
Principle E:
Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity
Respect people’s privacy and confidentiality. Respect cultural and individual differences.
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Any institution that receives funding has an IRB. The IRB must consist of at least five people, one of whom must be outside the institution.
Submit an application to IRB for review and approval.
Minimal risk:
something they do every day and has no risk involved
Usually approved very quickly
Greater than minimal risk
Physical or psychological harm
privacy/confidentiality risks
Withholding Information and Deception
Sometimes, fully informed subjects may alter their behavior.
Deception is used only when there are no viable alternatives
It cannot be used if physical pain or emotional distress is likely
If used, subjects must be informed as soon as possible (debriefing).
Problems with excessive use of deception
It loses effectiveness as subjects begin to expect it
Undermines the public’s trust in experts
Debriefing
The researcher reveals the full nature of the experiment
The researcher assures that the subject has not experienced distress
The researcher gets information about subjects’ perspectives on participation
Good for both the researcher and the subject
situational variables
external factors in an environment that can influence behavior, such as lighting, noise, time of day, or the presence of others.
Response variables
The outcome or effect is measured in a study and is influenced by changes in the independent variable.
Participant or subject variable
a characteristic inherent to an individual in a study, such as age, gender, personality, or intelligence, which can influence the results but cannot be manipulated by the researcher.
Operational Definitions
A precise, measurable way of defining a variable in a study, specifying how it will be observed, measured, or manipulated.
Example: Defining “stress” as the score on a self-reported stress scale.
Internal validity:
the extent to which we can be confident
that changes in the IV caused changes in the DV
Biggest threat: plausible alternative explanations
External Validity
The extent to which our results can be generalized
Construct Validity
the extent to which our operational definition of a variable really measures that variable
Statistical Validity
the extent to which our statistical conclusions are accurate
Nonexperimental Method
Also called the “Correlational Method”
research approach that examines relationships between variables without manipulating them, often using observations, surveys, or correlational studies to identify associations rather than causation.
Third-variable problem
(confounding variables): a third variable may act as a cause of the two that were measured
