3001 2-3 Flashcards
convenience sampling
A non-probability sampling method is used where participants are selected based on their availability, accessibility, or willingness to participate.
Behavioral measures
Record whether or not the participant responds
Record the frequency of behaviors
Measure reaction time (latency)
Measure the duration of response
Count the number of errors or number of correct
Physiological measures
GSR (galvanic skin response) – measure of general arousal and anxiety
EMG (electromyogram) – measure of muscle tension
EEG (electroencephalogram) – measure of electrical activity in the brain
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) – produces images of the brain
PET (positron emission tomography)
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) – display dynamic activity of the brain during mental tasks
Invasive measures – recording activity of individual neurons with microelectrodes
Self-Report Measures
Participant reports based on a rating scale or personal response
Self-report measures have potential reliability and validity problems.
Participants may not be aware of true thought processes
Participants may not recall accurately
Participants may not behave in the future in the way that they predict
Participants may respond in a “socially desirable” way
Ceiling effect:
ask is so easy that everyone performs well
Floor Effect:
task is so difficult that no one performs well
Demand characteristics
any cues or information about the
experiment that might guide participant behavior
Experimenter Bias/Expectancy Effects
When the experimenter expects a particular behavior and acts in a way to cause that behavior to occur
Double-blind experiment:
Neither the experimenter nor the participants know what conditions they are assigned to
Research Proposal
Like the introduction and method sections of a manuscript
Often peer-reviewed, it provides an opportunity to receive feedback.
Gives organization to proposed experiments
Pilot Study
“trial run” for the experiment
Shows potential for success
Reveals problems in design
Manipulation Check
Measures whether IV manipulation had the intended effect on participants
Reporting Results of Research
Professional meetings
Peer-reviewed journals
Surveys/Questionnaires:
Asking people about themselves
6 steps in constructing a questionnaire
- Decide what information you are looking for
- Choose a format
e.g., self-administered or used by an interviewer.
Consider using a pre-existing questionnaire. - Write a first draft
- Reexamine and revise the questionnaire
- Pretest the questionnaire
- Use respondents like those who will take the actual questionnaire in the same environment
- Interview the respondents afterwards - Edit the questionnaire and specify guidelines for its
use
Survey Formats
Open-ended (free response) questions
Closed questions (multiple choice, yes/no, rating scale)
Double-Barreled Items
survey or questionnaire questions that ask about two different things at once, making it difficult for respondents to answer accurately
leading items
Items that suggest a certain response.
Loaded items
items that contain emotion-laden
terms or that suggest a socially desirable response
Negative-worded
Items in surveys or questionnaires are statements that use negation (e.g., not, never, hardly) to frame a question. These can confuse respondents and increase response errors.
Situation sampling
sample behaviors in many different situations
