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PHYT 5115 - Intro to MSK > 3 - Tissue Mechanics and Injury > Flashcards

3 - Tissue Mechanics and Injury Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a tissue?

A

It is an aggregate of cells that have a similar structure and function

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

Connective Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue

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3
Q

What is another name for connective tissue?

A

Inert Tissue

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4
Q

True or false: all joints in the body are made up of connective tissue?

A

True

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5
Q

What are some examples of connective tissue?

A

Bones, Bursae, Capsules, Cartilage, Discs, Meniscus, Ligaments, Tendons

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6
Q

What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A

It attracts and binds water, supporting substances for fibrous and cellular components
Contributes to the overall strength of the connective tissue

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7
Q

What are the different components of the ECM?

A

Fibrous component (collagen and elastin)
Collagen Type 1
Collagen Type 2

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8
Q

What is collagen?

A

a white fibrous tissue with steel-like strength. It is very rigid

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9
Q

What is elastin?

A

It is a yellow fibrous tissue with elastic properties

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10
Q

What is collagen type 1?

A

Thick fibers with little elongation

They resist tensile forces quite well

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11
Q

What is collagen type 2?

A

thinner less stiff fibers, they resist compression and shear forces

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12
Q

What makes up the cellular component of tissues?

A

Resident cells and circulating cells

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13
Q

What are resident cells?

A

Depends on what type of tissue they are in but they are cells that are always present
Examples: Fibroblasts (collagen) Osteoblasts (bone) and Chondroblasts (cartilage)

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14
Q

What are circulating cells?

A

They appear when a tissue is inflamed or damaged

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15
Q

What are some examples of circulating cells?

A

Lymphocytes

Macrophages

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16
Q

What is the ECM to Cell component ratio in ligaments?

A

Cells make up 10-20%

ECM makes up 80-90%

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17
Q

What is the make up of a ligament? Like what type of fibers is it composed of?

A

Primarily Type 1 Collagen fibers
They are densely packed
Arranged in the line with the applied tensile force (may have varying directions of the ligament depending on the direction of the force ex. MCL)

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18
Q

What is the ECM to Cell component ratio in tendons?

A

Similar to ligaments, 10-20% cells and 80-90% ECM

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19
Q

What is the make up of a tendon? Like what type of fibers is it composed of?

A

Has more type 1 collagen fibers than ligaments as it has to withstand stronger tensile forces
Its fibers are aligned in one direction

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20
Q

What is the fibrocartilaginous junction?

A

It is the gradual change in tendon structure which is divided into 4 zones.
It diffuses the load at the tissue-bone interface to help prevent injury

21
Q

What are the four zones of the fibrocartilaginous junction?

A

Zone 1 - Tendon
Zone 2 - Uncalcified fibrocartilage
Zone 3 - Calcified fibrocartilage
Zone 4 - Bone

22
Q

What is the musculotendinous junction?

A

It is where muscles intertwine with the tendon

It is very sensitive to mechanical conditions and becomes flatter with low load

23
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

It is composed of type 2 collagen and compresses the proteoglycan molecules that hold onto water during loading
It also lines articulating bones and distinguishes synovial joints
It is avascular and gets nutrients with compression

24
Q

What are the three zones of articular cartilage?

A

Zone 1 - parallel fibers, smooth, reduced friction, distribute forces
Zone 2 - mesh like to hold water and helps absorb compression forces
Zone 3 - Perpendicular fibers to zone 1, it securely holds the calcified cartilage

25
Q

What are the features of fibrocartilage?

A

Mostly type 1 collagen fibers. has a limited blood supply and relies on compression for nutrient diffusion.

26
Q

What are the features of bones

A

Primarily type 1 collagen. Supplied by calcium
Has 2 layers: cancellous (spongy) and compact (cortical)
Has both osteoblasts (lay down new bone) and osteoclasts (break down bone)

27
Q

What are the different types of loads you can place on a tissue?

A 
Compression
Tension
Bending (tension and compression)
Torsion
Shear
28
Q

True or false: only some connective tissues are viscoelastic?

A

False, ALL connective tissues are viscoelastic

29
Q

What is creep?

A

A continuous change in shape with prolonged force application

30
Q

What is stress relaxation?

A

a tissue is stretched to a fixed length and held constant; the force needed to maintain that length reduces over time

31
Q

What is strain-rate sensitivity?

A

That more force is required to deform a tissue rapidly versus slowly

32
Q

True or false: cortical bone withstands greater force with less deformation than cancellous bone?

A

True

33
Q

True or false: the amount of strain required to reach failure is more in cortical bone than cancellous bone?

A

False it is less in cortical bone

34
Q

What defines a stress fracture?

A

Frequent loading of low magnitude

35
Q

What can lead to complete failure of bone?

A

A single load of high magnitude

36
Q

What determines the amount of force that a tendon can resist and the amount of elongation it can undergo?

A

It’s cross sectional area, material and tendon length

37
Q

What does continuous compression do to tendons?

A

It modifies the composition to more resemble cartilage. It creates a shift from type 1 collagen to type 2 reducing its tensile strength resistance

38
Q

How do you increase thickness and strength of a ligament?

A

By loading it with intermittent tensile loads

39
Q

What three things does cartilage have to do to resist load?

A

Stress developed in the fibrillar portion of the ECM
Swelling pressures developed in the interstitial fluid
Frictional drag resulting from fluid flow through the ECM

40
Q

A contractile unit is also known as a ______?

A

Sarcomere

41
Q

What starts the cross bridge cycle?

A

An action potential releases Ca2+ and that exposes the binding sites between actin and myosin

42
Q

How is active tension developed?

A

By the active contractile elements of the muscle

43
Q

What are the factors that affect if more cross bridges form or not?

A

Frequency of motor unit firing
Number of motor units firing
Size of motor units firing
Diameter of the axon

44
Q

How is passive tension developed?

A

By the non-contractile components of the muscle

45
Q

What are the parallel elastic components that help contribute to the tension

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

46
Q

What are the series elastic components of passive tension?

A

Tendons (when the muscle is stretched the tendon is pulled as well)

47
Q

True or false: there is a direct relationship between the tension development and the muscle length?

A

True

48
Q

What does optimal length mean?

A

Means the muscle is capable of developing a maximal tension

PHYT 5115 - Intro to MSK (11 decks)

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