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DPT 720- Exercise Physiology and Nutrition > 3: Respiratory System > Flashcards

3: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • conducts air into and out of lungs
  • exchanges gases between air and blood
  • humidifies air
  • warms air
  • filters air
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2
Q

What does humidifying inspired air do?

A

prevents damage to membranes due to drying out

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3
Q

What does warming inspired air do?

A

helps maintain body temperature

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4
Q

What does filtering inspired air do?

A
  • mucus traps airborne particles

- cilia move mucus toward oral cavity to be expelled

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5
Q

What are the saclike structures surrounded by capillaries in the lungs?

A

alveoli

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6
Q

What are alveoli attached to?

A

respiratory bronchioles

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7
Q

What do alveoli do?

A

site of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (provide a tremendous surface area for diffusion)

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8
Q

How many alveoli are there?

A

300 million in lungs

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9
Q

What are the respiratory membranes that aid diffusion?

A

membrane of alveolar cells, membrane of cells of capillary wall

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10
Q

What is the pleural sac?

A

double-layered membrane that encases each lung

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11
Q

Where is the visceral (pulmonary) pleura located?

A

outer surface of lungs

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12
Q

Where is the parietal pleura located?

A

inner surface of thoracic cavity and diaphragm

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13
Q

Where is the pleural fluid location?

A

lubrication between to 2 membranes

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14
Q

What is the pressure in the pleural cavity between 2 membranes? what is it less than?

A

Intrapleural pressure, less than atmospheric pressure

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15
Q

How are the lung attached to the inner walls of the thorax?

A

Not directly… they are connected by a thin film of fluid (serous fluid) that is secreted by the inner surfaces of the two thin serious membranes (plurae)

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16
Q

What happens to lung volume when there is an increase of volume in the intrathoracic cavity?

A

increases

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17
Q

What happens to intrapumonic pressure when there is an increase of volume in the intrathoracic cavity?

A

decreases

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18
Q

What does an increase of volume in the intrathoracic cavity cause?

A

inspiration (causes air to rush into lungs)

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19
Q

What happens to lung volume when there is a decrease in volume of the intrathoracic cavity?

A

decreases

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20
Q

What happens to intrapulmonic pressure when there is a decrease in volume of the intrathoracic cavity?

A

increases

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21
Q

What does an decrease of volume in the intrathoracic cavity cause?

A

expiration (causes air to rush out of lungs)

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22
Q

What is the most important inspiratory muscle?

A

diaphragm

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23
Q

What happens to the diaphragm as it contracts?

A

flattens

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24
Q

What does contraction of the diaphragm do to abdominal contents?

A

Pushes them forward and downward

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25
Q

Which muscles elevate the ribs?

A

external intercostals, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor

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26
Q

What causes expiration?

A

passive recoil of the diaphragm and other muscles

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27
Q

What accessory muscles pull the ribs downward (voluntary forced expiration, exercise, etc.)

A

Internal intercostals
Rectus abdominis
Internal oblique muscles of abdominal wall

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28
Q

Airflow =

A

airflow = p1-p2/resistance

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29
Q

How can airflow be increased?

A

amplifying pressure difference between two areas or decreases resistance to airflow

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30
Q

What is the biggest factor affecting airflow at rest?

A

diameter of airway

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31
Q

What decreases resistance to flow during exercise?

A

bronchodilation

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32
Q

What is the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in a given time period?

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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33
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

the amount of air moved per breath?

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34
Q

How do you calculate the volume of air moved per min?

A

VE = VT x f

volume of air expired per min = tidal volume x breathing frequency per min

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35
Q

How is VE affected in athletes?

A

greater

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36
Q

How is pulmonary ventilation determined?

A

PV = anatomical dead space + alveolar ventilation

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37
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

the air left in lungs after max exhalation

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38
Q

What is the tidal volume defined as?

A

the volume inspired or expired per breath

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39
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

maximum inspiration at end of tidal inspiration

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40
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

maximum expiration at the end of tidal expiration

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41
Q

What is the total lung capacity (TLC)?

A

volume of air in lungs after maximum inspiration

42
Q

What is the residual lung volume (RLV)?

A

volume in lungs after maximum expiration

43
Q

What is the forced vital capacity (FVC)?

A

maximum volume expired after maximum inspiration

44
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity (IC)?

A

maximum volume inspired following tidal expiration

45
Q

What is the functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A

volume in lungs after tidal expiration

46
Q

What happens to tidal volume (TV) during exercise?

A

increases

47
Q

What happens to inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) during exercise

A

decreases

48
Q

What happens to expiratory reserve volume (ERV) during exercise?

A

decreases

49
Q

What happens to total lung capacity (TLC) during exercise?

A

slightly decreases

50
Q

What happens to residual lung volume (RLV) during exercise?

A

slightly decreases

51
Q

What happens to Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) during exercise?

A

slightly decreases

52
Q

What happens to inspiratory capacity (IC) during exercise?

A

increases

53
Q

What happens to functional residual capacity (FRC) during exercise?

A

decreases

54
Q

What happens to inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes with age? why?

A

Become proportionally smaller (decrease in elastic components of lung tissue)

55
Q

What happens to residual lung volume with age?

A

increases

56
Q

What measurement assesses dynamic lung volume?

A

FEV-to-FVC ratio

57
Q

What is a normal FEV-to-VC ratio?

A

85%

58
Q

What is a typical FEV-to-FVC ratio for someone with obstructive lung disease (asthma or emphysema)?

A

less than 70%

59
Q

What promotes diffusion at the lungs?

A
  • Large surface area of alveoli
  • Thinness of respiratory membrane (2 cells thick)
  • Pressure differences of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in alveoli and blood
60
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

portion of pressure due to a particular gas in a mixture of gases

61
Q

What is Dalton’s Law?

A

total pressure of a gas mixture = sum of partial pressures of each gas

62
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

amount of gas dissolved in any fluid depends on temperature, partial pressure of gas, and solubility of gas

63
Q

What must happen to the PO2 in order for diffusion to take place?

A

Must be higher in alveoli than in blood… and greater in blood than in tissue

64
Q

What must happen to PCO2 in order for diffusion to take place?

A

must be higher in blood than alveoli…. and higher in tissue than in blood

65
Q

What happens to blood flow during exercise and what does it cause?

A

Increases… causes increased gas diffusion

66
Q

How does blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation compare to that in systemic circulation?

A

pulmonary < systemic

67
Q

How long does equilibriation of oxygen between alveoli air and lung capillary blood take?

A

0.25 seconds

68
Q

How much oxygen can be dissolved in plasma?

A

9-15 mL

69
Q

RBCs containing hemoglobin transport ______% of oxygen

A

98%

70
Q

What changes shift the oxyhemoglobin dissosciation curve to the right? what does this mean?

A
  • increase in temp
  • increase in acidity (Bohr Effect)
  • increase in 2,3 DPG
    This means there is a decreased affinity of hemoglobin for O2
71
Q

What are the 3 methods of carbon dioxide transport? respective percentages?

A
  • plasma (7-10%)
  • bound to hemoglobin (20%)
  • transported as bicarbonate (70%)
72
Q

What is normal hemoglobin level for men?

A

16g

73
Q

What is normal hemoglobin level for women?

A

14g (5-10% less)

74
Q

Each gram of Hb can combine loosely with _______ O2

A

1.34 mL

75
Q

What happens to Hgb concentration of blood during exercise? Why?

A

Increases anywhere from 5%-10% (hemoconcentration or movement of fluid from the blood into surrounding cells and tissue)

76
Q

How is %SO2 calculated?

A

O2 content of Hgb / O2 capacity of Hgb x 100

77
Q

What is normal O2 saturation in arterial blood?

A

97-98%

78
Q

What is obesity hyperventilation syndrome and what does it cause?

A

poor breathing leads to too much CO2 and too little O2… causes low blood oxygen

79
Q

What causes OHS?

A
  • defect in brains control over breathing
  • excessive fatty tissue against chest wall
  • sleep apnea?
80
Q

What happens to VO2 max with prolonged bed rest?

A

decreases up to 25%

81
Q

What happens to blood plasma with prolonged bed rest?

A

reduced (red cell mass)

82
Q

How does gas exchange at the muscle occur?

A

partial pressure differences between oxygen and carbon dioxide between tissue and blood

83
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

oxygen transport molecule similar to hemoglobin found in skeletal and cardiac muscle

84
Q

What else does myoglobin function as?

A

oxygen reserve at start of exercise

85
Q

Where is the respiratory control center?

A

portion of medulla oblongata and pons

86
Q

What are rate and depth of breathing modified by?

A
  • higher brain centers
  • chemoreceptors in medulla
  • other peripheral inputs
87
Q

What do central chemoreceptors respond to?

A

changes in CSF (esp H+ concentration)

88
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

in medulla, separate from respiratory control centers

89
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

A

changes in blood PCO2 and H+ concentration

90
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

carotid arteries and aortic arch

91
Q

Where are other receptors located?

A

stretch receptors in lungs and respiratory muscles….proprioceptors and chemoreceptors in skeletal muscle and joints

92
Q

What is a ventilatory equivalent?

A

the amount of air ventilated needed to obtain 1 L of oxygen or expire 1 L of CO2

93
Q

What is the ventilatory equivalent of oxygen?

A

VE/VO2

94
Q

What is the ventilatory equivalent of CO2?

A

VE/VCO2

95
Q

What is the ventilatory threshold (VT)?

A

technique using ventilatory equivalents to estimate lactate threshold

96
Q

What is the respiratory compensation point?

A

the work intensity at which both VE/VO2 and VE/VCO2 increase

97
Q

What can VT and RCP be used to do?

A

Create 3 training zones of exercise intensity:

98
Q

What is light-intensity?

A

<VT

99
Q

What is moderate intensity?

A

VT-RCP

100
Q

What is high-intensity?

A

> RCP

DPT 720- Exercise Physiology and Nutrition (6 decks)

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