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DPT 720- Exercise Physiology and Nutrition > 2: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

2: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is blood pressure highest?

A

Aorta (also very high in arteries supplying the heart)

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2
Q

What is an anastomosis?

A

intercommunication between 2 arteries ensuring blood flow to an are even if one artery is blocked

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3
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction phase (blood is pumped out of the chamber)

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4
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation phase (blood fills the chamber)

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5
Q

What are the factors of intrinsic control of the heart?

A
  • Autorhythmaticity
  • SA node
  • AV node
  • Purkinje fibers
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6
Q

What is autorhymaticity?

A

the ability to initiate impulse for contraction at regular intervals

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7
Q

What does the SA Node do?

A

it is the pacemaker of cardiac contraction

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8
Q

What does the AV node do?

A

delays impulses by 1/10 of a second, allowing the atria to contract before the ventricles

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9
Q

What do the Purkinje fibers do?

A

rapidly spread the impulse to contract throughout ventricles

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10
Q

What are the factors of extrinsic control of the heart?

A
  • Parasympathetic nerve fibers
  • Sympathetic nerve fibers
  • Endocrine glands
  • Bradycardia
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11
Q

What do parasympathetic nerve fibers do?

A

decrease the heart rate

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12
Q

What do sympathetic nerve fibers do?

A

increase the heart rate

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13
Q

What are some features of cardiac muscle (myocardium)?

A
  • Capable of contraction and force generation (like skeletal muscle)
  • Autorhythmaticity
  • Intercalated discs that spread impulses to contract
  • Synctial conraction
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14
Q

What is Syncytial contraction?

A

fibers contract simultaneously

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15
Q

What are the features of the fibers of the myocardium?

A
  • Have high mitochondrial density
  • Have extensive capillary network
  • Use aerobic energy for contraction
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16
Q

What is the correlation between cardiac wall thickness and force generation?

A

The thicker the wall of the cardiac chamber, the greater the force

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17
Q

Which wall is the thickest?

A

Left ventricle (supplies the whole body)

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18
Q

What does regular physical training do to wall thickness?

A

Thickens the L ventricle wall and increases L ventricular mass

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19
Q

What does chronic hypertension do to wall thickness?

A

Thickens the L ventricle wall and increases L ventricular mass

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20
Q

How does training affect the wall thickness in the atria and right ventricle?

A

no increase

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21
Q

Which portion of the electrocardiogram correlates with the P wave?

A

atrial depolarization

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22
Q

Which portion of the electrocardiogram correlates with the QRS interval?

A

ventricular depolarization

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23
Q

Which portion of the electrocradiogram correlates with the ST segment and T wave?

A

ventricular repolarization

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24
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

amount of blood pumped per minute

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25
Q

How is cardiac output determined?

A

Q= HR x SV

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26
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

amount of blood pumped per contraction of the ventricles

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27
Q

What is a typical cardiac output for men?

A

5 L/min

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28
Q

What is a typical cardiac output for women?

A

4.5 L/min

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29
Q

How does resting cardaic output between trained and untrained people compare?

A

About the same

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30
Q

How does training affect HR?

A

lowers

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31
Q

How does training affect SV?

A

higher

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32
Q

How is stroke volume determined?

A

SV= EDV - ESV

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33
Q

What is the end-diastolic volume (EDV)?

A

The blood left in the ventricles at the end of diastole

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34
Q

What is the end-systolic volume (ESV)?

A

The blood left in ventricles at the end of systole

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35
Q

What is the ejection fraction (EF)?

A

the ratio of available blood to pumped blood

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36
Q

How is ejection fraction (EF) determined?

A

EF = (SV/EDV) x 100

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37
Q

How does endurance training affect EDV?

A

increases

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38
Q

How does endurance training affect SV?

A

increases

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39
Q

How does endurance training affect HR?

A

decreases

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40
Q

What happens to SV of moderate or untrained people when exercise intensity increases up to 40-50% of peak oxygen consumption?

A

SV increases

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41
Q

What happens to SV of moderate or untrained people when exercise intensity is great?

A

SV does not increase as greated intensities

42
Q

What happens to HR of moderate or untrained people with cardiac output up to maximal workloads?

A

HR increases

43
Q

What is a good indicator of training intensity?

A

HR

44
Q

What happens to EDV as percent peak oxygen consumption increases to 100 percent?

A

Increases slightly and declines slightly near 100%

45
Q

What happens to ESV as percent peak oxygen consumption increases to 100 percent?

A

Remains constant and decreases slightly approaching 100%

46
Q

What happens to Stroke Volume as percent peak oxygen consumption increases to 100 percent?

A

Increases and levels off near 50%

47
Q

What happens to Cardiac Output as percent peak oxygen consumption increases to 100 percent?

A

Increases steadily

48
Q

What happens to Heart Rate as percent peak oxygen consumption increases to 100 percent?

A

Increases steadily

49
Q

How does blood flow?

A

From area of high pressure to area of lower pressure

50
Q

What is rate of flow proportional to?

A

the pressure difference between 2 ends of a vessel or between 2 chambers

51
Q

Increases in pressure differences _______ flow

A

increases

52
Q

How is blood flow calculated?

A

Change in pressure/resistance to flow

53
Q

Decreases resistance _____ flow

A

Increases

54
Q

Increase in radius of vessel ______ flow

A

Increases

55
Q

When does highest blood pressure occur? Lowest?

A

Highest pressure occurs during systole and lowest occurs during diastole

56
Q

What does increasing cardiac output (like in exercise) do to BP?

A

Increases

57
Q

What does increasing capacitance do to BP?

A

decreases

58
Q

What does aerobic and weight training do to resting BP?

A

reduce

59
Q

What is plasma composed of?

A

90% water
7% plasma proteins
3% other

60
Q

What portion of total blood volume is made up by plasma?

A

55-60%

61
Q

What happens to plasma volume during intense physical activity?

A

may decrease in volume as much as 10%

62
Q

What does adaptation to training do to plasma volume?

A

can increase as much as 10% at rest

63
Q

What portion of blood is made up by formed elements?

A

40-45% of blood

64
Q

What are formed elements made up of?

A

99% red blood cells, 1% white blood cells and platelets

65
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Important for blood clotting and contribute to heart attack and stroke (plaque buildup)

66
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

the percentage of total blood volume composed of formed elements

67
Q

What is a normal level of WBCs?

A

3,500-10,500?

68
Q

What level of WBCs should be concerning?

A

below 1,000

69
Q

What is a normal level of hemoglobin for men?

A

13.5-17.5

70
Q

What is a normal level of hemoglobin for women?

A

12-15.5

71
Q

What is a concerning level of hemoglobin?

A

below 8

72
Q

What is a normal level of platelets?

A

150,000-450,000

73
Q

What platelet level is concerning?

A

below 20,000

74
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

transport oxygen via hemoglobin

75
Q

What is hemoglobin composed of and what is it necessary for?

A

protein (globin) & iron-containing pigment (heme)… necessary for binding oxygen

76
Q

Where is hemoglobin produced in adults?

A

bone marrow of long bones

77
Q

Why can’t RBCs repair themselves?

A

Nuclei are removed from RBCs when produced

78
Q

What is the lifespan of a RBC?

A

4 months

79
Q

What is the acute effect of onset of aerobic or weight training on plasma volume?

A

Substantial reduction of plasma volume

80
Q

What is the acute effect of onset of aerobic or weight training on RBCs?

A

increase number of RBCs and increase oxygen-carrying capacity

81
Q

What is the effect of prolonged aerobic exercise on plasma volume?

A

decreases 10-20%

82
Q

What is the acute effect of weight training on plasma volume?

A

decreases 0-22%

83
Q

What is the chronic effect of long-tern aerobic training on plasma volume?

A

Increases 10-20%

84
Q

What are the main adaptations at rest for endurance training?

A
  • increase cardiac output during activity
  • increased oxygen delivery to skeletal muscle
  • increased endurance performance
85
Q

What are the main adaptations at rest for weight training

A
  • increased ability to maintain cardiac output against increased BP during weight training
86
Q

What is arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-v O2 diff)?

A

the amount of oxygen per 100 mL of arterial blood entering a tissue minus that leaving the tissue

87
Q

What happens to a-v O2 during exercise?

A

Increases

88
Q

What is normal a-v O2 at rest?

A

5mL O2 per 100 mL of blood

89
Q

What is normal a-v O2 during exercise?

A

Increases to 15 mL O2 per 100 mL of blood

90
Q

What is the Fick equation?

A

Oxygen delivery = blood flow x a-v O2 diff

VO2 = Q x a-v O2 diff

91
Q

What can increase VO2 for the whole body?

A

Increases either Q or a-vO2 diff

92
Q

At rest, _______% of cardiac output goes to skeletal muscle.

A

15-20%

93
Q

During maximal exercise, ______% of cardiac output goes to skeletal muscle

A

80-85%

94
Q

What are precapillary sphincters?

A

muscular rings at the entrance of capillary beds

95
Q

What factors affect redistribution of blood?

A
  • parallel circuitry
  • vasodilation
  • vasoconstriction
  • precapillary sphincters
96
Q

What causes vasoconstriction?

A

release of norepinephrine by sympathetic nerves

97
Q

What causes vasodilation?

A

release of epinephrine by sympathetic nerves (can also cause vasoconstriction)

98
Q

Explain autoregulation

A

changes in skeletal muscle during exercise that stimulate muscle chemoreceptors and increase vasodilation

99
Q

What increases venous return?

A
  • venoconstriction
  • muscle pump
  • respiratory pump
100
Q

How does venoconstriction increase venous return?

A

constriction of veins via sympathetic stimulation is effective in tissues other than skeletal muscle

101
Q

How does muscle pump increase venous return?

A

rythmic muscle contractions propelling blood to the heart through one way valves

102
Q

How does the respiratory pump increase venous return?

A

changes in intrathoracic pressure during expiration and inspiration, forcing blood toward the heart

DPT 720- Exercise Physiology and Nutrition (6 decks)

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