1: Energy Sources Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 forms of carbohydrates?
A
- Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides
1
Q
What is maltose?
A
disaccharide
1
Q
Where are simple carbohydrates found?
A
foods that are refined and packaged, such as sugar, honey, milk, and fruit juices
1
Q
What is hydrolysis?
A
Breakdown of ATP (H+ ion formation)
1
Q
Which system releases energy to resynthesize a few moles of ATP?
A
Anaerobic glycolysis
1
Q
Which system utilizes the Krebs cycle and what is it?
A
Aerobic, removal of H atoms
1
Q
What does endurance training do to IM glycogen?
A
Increases
1
Q
What is the total moles of ATP available (max capacity) for the ATP-PC system?
A
0.7
1
Q
What is the oxygen utilization of fat?
A
- 4 L * 23 moles = 515.2 L O2 = 130 ATP
- 96 L/mole ATP
1
Q
At rest, ____ of ATP is derived from carbs and ____ is derived from fat?
A
33% from carbs, 66% from fat
1
Q
What is metabolized during duration exercise?
A
triglycerides or carbohydrates
1
Q
What is using oxygen utilized, CO2 produced, and their ration to calculate metabolic rate?
A
Indirect calorimetry
1
Q
What is the maximal rate at which oxygen can be consumed?
A
Max VO2
2
Q
1 mole of glucose breaks down into _______ of lactic acid?
A
180 gm
3
Q
What is cellulose?
A
polysaccharide
3
Q
What is an anabolic reaction?
A
forming of produce from molecules
3
Q
What special about lactic acid?
A
It decreased production of useful energy, diminishing intensity or speed of activity)
3
Q
What happens once the muscle activity is ceased during ATP-PC metabolism?
A
Once the muscle activity is ceased, the process is reversed and ATP is hydrolyzed to rebuild the muscle stores
3
Q
Where does aerobic metabolism take place?
A
mitochondria
3
Q
What do NAD and FAD produce in the mitochondria?
A
NAD produces 3 ATP and FAD produces 2 ATP
3
Q
What is the oxygen utilization of glucose?
A
- 4 L O2 x 6 moles = 144.4 L O2 = 39 ATP
- 45L/mole of ATP
4
Q
What is the moles of ATP/min for the ATP-PC system?
A
3.6
5
Q
What does anaerobic metabolism involve?
A
carbohydrates
6
Q
What is the chemical fuel used, speed, and relative ATP production of ATP-PC system?
A
Phosphocreatine, fastest, few/limited
6
What are some factors that affect resting energy use?
Sex, body temperature, stress, body surface area
8
What is fructose?
monosaccharide
10
Why are vitamins and minerals important?
-build bones -heal wounds -bolster immune system -convert food to energy -repair cellular damage
11
Utilization of energy is essential for all cellular activities and is needed for:
1. Mechanical Movements 2. Protein Synthesis 3. Storage of Fuels
11
What 2 fats are important for metabolism?
fatty acids and triglycerides
11
What is the RQ of protein?
0.8
12
What are the atoms of carbohydrates?
C, H, O
12
Explain Anaerobic Glycolysis:
Glucose --\> Lactic Acid + Energy
Energy + 3 ADP + Pi = 2 or 3 ATP
13
How long does it take to convert glycogen into lactic acid?
1-2 min
14
What is starch?
polysaccharide
15
What are the main forms of energy?
- Chemical - Electrical - Thermal (heat) - Mechanical
17
What are the energy yielding sources?
1. Anaerobic metabolism 2. Aerobic metabolism 3. ATP-PC
18
What are the determinants of oxygen uptake?
1. Pulmonary ventilation
2. Diffusion of oxygen
3. Cardiac performance
4. Skeletal vascular bed
5. Extraction of oxygen by contracting skeletal muscle
19
What type of metabolism is used for protein and fat metabolism?
Aerobic
20
What is glucogenolysis?
breaking down of glycogen into glucose
20
What is the most important energy molecule in cells?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
20
What is the chemical fuel used, speed, and relative ATP production of Aerobic Glycolysis?
Glycogen/fats/proteins, slow, Many/unlimited
21
\_\_\_\_\_\_ exceeds _____ during lactate threshold
production exceeds removal from blood
22
What is the Kreb's Cycles important function?
the generation of electrons and ions for transfer to the respiratory chain by means of NAD and FAD
22
After the age of 25, VO2 max declines \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
9% / decade
23
What is metabolized during intensity exercise?
Carbohydrate and triglyceride metabolism
23
What is the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)?
exercise intensity at which a specific blood lactic acid concentration occurs
24
What amount of exercise could burn off the number of kcal in 1 banana?
Walking or running a mile
24
What is measuring heat production to determine metabolic rate?
Direct calorimetry
25
What is the RQ of fat?
0.7
27
What is the maximal exercise intensity?
100% carbs
29
When is anaerobic metabolism used?
High-intensity, short-duration activity
31
Which type of carbohydrate provides a stead release of energy into the body?
Complex
32
What are the calories listed on nutrition levels?
kilocalories
33
What happens to fat metabolism as energy level increase? (activity intensity increases)
Fat metabolism decreases... carbohydrate metabolism increases
33
What triggers the increase in fat metabolism?
Depletion of glycogen stores (hitting the wall)
34
What is the ultimate source of energy?
the sun
36
What are the 3 main functions of carbohydrates?
1. Energy for cellular metabolism 2. Forms glycogen in the liver and muscles 3. Converts fat (triglycerides) for later use
36
\_\_\_\_\_ VO2 max when large muscle mass is involved
Higher
38
How long does hydrolysis take?
2-3 seconds
39
What are some enzyme adaptations associated with exercise of the ATP-PC system?
- increases in activity of major enzymes (creatine kinase) - faster regeneration of ATP - Increased performance of short-duration, high-power activities
40
What is glycogen?
polysaccharide
42
Fat should make up approximately what % of diet?
20%
44
What type of metabolism is the phosphagen system?
ATP-PC (anaerobic)
45
Explain how glycogen is converted to lactic acid.
Glycogen --\> glucose --\> pyruvic acid --\> lactic acid
47
What is the chemical fuel used, speed, and relative ATP production of Anaerobic Glycolysis?
Glycogen (glucose), Fast, Few/limited
47
What is the RQ of carbohydrates?
1
49
What does proper nutrition consist of?
1. Energy 2. Synthesizing and repairing cells
50
What does aerobic metabolism most commonly involve?
carbohydrates and fat (can also involve protein)
51
What are the roles of lipids in the body?
1. Energy source and reserve 2. Protection of vital organs 3. Thermal insulation 4. Vitamin carrier
52
What is pyruvic acid broken down into during aerobic metabolism?
2 carbon acetyl group (Acetyl Co-A)
53
Protein should make up approximately what % of diet?
25%
55
What is the most useful and simple carbohydrate?
glucose
56
What affects IM glycogen in weight and sprint activities?
Length of training program, type of training
57
What are the ATP sources and their percentages during a 3 second sprint?
Lactic acid (10%) aerobic metabolism (3%) IM ATP (32%) IM PC (55%)
58
Energy comes from what 3 main things?
carbohydrates, fat, and protein
60
As exercise intensity increases, % of ATP from carbs \_\_\_\_\_.
Increases
61
What is energy?
the capacity to do work
62
Which hormone is there an increase in as exercise intensity increases?
epinephrine
64
What is sucrose?
disaccharide
64
Which muscle fibers are recruited at maximal energy intensity?
fast-twitch
65
Where is the ATP from the ATP-PC system stored?
contractile mechanism of the muscle
66
1 mole of glucose= ? ATP
36
68
Is energy made available to muscle quickly or slowly during anaerobic metabolism?
Quickly
69
When does the lactate threshold occur in endurance trained individuals?
65-80% of max oxygen consumption
70
What is the rate of perceived exertion?
6-20 (correlates with about 60-200 bpm heartrate)
72
What is oxygen debt?
oxygen taken in above resting values after exercise
73
Which vitamins and minerals help create healthy teeth?
the mineral fluoride helps bone formation and prevents dental cavities
75
On what do anaerobic event metabolis interactions rely on for energy?
IM ATP and PC
77
How many mets are required when walking?
2-3
78
What does aerobic metabolism generate?
energy, CO2, and water
80
Each gram of carbohydrate produces ____ kc
4 kc
80
1 kgm of work = \_\_\_\_mL oxygen
1.8
81
What is galactose?
monosaccharide
82
What is transported during the Krebs cycle?
Hydorgens and electrons are transported to ETC by NADH and FADH
83
What are the factors associated with exercise duration?
- Hormonal response
- ingesting high-carb meal or drink
83
What is aerobic metabolism at its best?
Increased mitochondrial density and volume, increased blood supply
84
How does the ATP-PC system work?
PC--\>Pi+creatine+energy (creatine kinase)
85
How many mets are required when running?
about 7 mets
86
What is there a gradual shift from and to during low-intensity, long-duration activity
Shift from carb to fat metabolism
88
When does the lactate threshold occur in untrained individuals?
at 50%-60% of max oxygen consumptions
89
What do increases in IM glycogen affect?
glycolytic and aerobic production of ATP
90
What is a catabolic reaction?
breaking down of substrate into molecules
92
What is a minimum level of energy required to sustain the body's vital functions in the resting state
MET
93
What is the total moles of ATP available for aerobic glycolysis?
90.0
94
True or False: Nonessential amino acids can be synthesized by the body?
True
95
What can enter during the Krebs cycle?
Carbohydrate, fat, and protein
96
1 L of oxygen consumption produces _____ kCal energy
5 kCal
97
What are the factors that affect the speed of facilitation by enzymes?
-temperature -acidity -need for coennzymes
98
What is glycogenesis?
the formation of glycogen into glucose
99
What is glycolysis?
The breakdown of glucose (can be aerobic or anaerobic)
100
How many mets are required when climbing stairs?
4-5 mets
100
What is the molecular formula for lactic acid?
C3 H6 O3
101
What does anaerobic metabolism generate?
energy, CO2, and water (AND LACTIC ACID)
103
Which vitamins and minerals help to strengthen bones?
- calcium - vitamin D - vitamin K - magnesium - phosphorous
105
What is the moles of ATP/min for Aerobic glycolysis?
1.0
106
Which vitamins and minerals prevent birth defects?
folic acid supplements early in pregnancy help to prevent brain and spinal birth defects
107
The greatest amount of fat use occurs at ______ of VO2 max
60%
108
What is oxygen debt?
The period during which the level of oxygen consumption is below that is necessary to supply all of the ATP required of any exercise
109
What is the molecular formula for glucose
C6 H12 O6
111
What is 1 calorie?
the heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree celsius
111
What is the lactate threshold?
The exercise intensity at which blood lactic acid exceeds resting concentration
112
What is the main different in the steps for aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis?
If oxygen is present... pyruvic acid is converted to CO2, H2O, and ATP. If no oxygen is available, pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid and no ATP.
113
How much of metabolism is fat breakdown during rest? What is the other portion?
60% fat
40 % carbohydrate
114
What is the moles of ATP/min anaerobic glycolysis?
1.6
116
Each gram of fat produces _____ kc
9 kc
117
How to mean values for VO2 max for women compare to men? Why?
10-20% less, they have a higher body fat and lower hemoglobin concentration
118
What is glucose?
monosaccharide
119
What is the difference between vitamins and minerals?
Vitamins are organic and can be broken down by heat, air, or acid. Minerals are inorganic and hold onto their chemical structure.
120
Of the \_\_\_\_% oxygen inhaled, \_\_\_\_% is utilized?
20%, 16%
122
What are the two types of aerobic metabolism?
Aerobic glycolysis and fat metabolism
124
Where are the enzymes used in aerobic glycolysis located?
cristae of the mitochondria (inward folds and convolutions)
126
What is the met equation?
1 met = 3.5 mL O2 / kg / min during rest
127
What is a normal tidal volume?
500 mL per breath, or 5L air/min
127
What is steady-state oxygen consumption?
All energy needed is provided by aerobic metabolism
128
Where are complex carbohydrates found?
fresh and frozen vegetables, oatmeal, legumes, dark breads, beans, pasta
130
What form of fatty acid is soted in fat cells?
triglycerides
132
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ)?
Volume of carbon dioxide / volume of oxygen
133
What produces the majority of ATP in aerobic metabolism?
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
134
What percentage of inhaled air is oxygen?
20%
135
What is a triglyceride made up of?
glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acids
136
What is reduction?
Ions and electrons are to be carried to the mitochondria for energy production. NAD (vitamin B) and FAD
137
How much of protein is metabolized to provide energy?
a small amount
139
How must essential amino acids be absorbed?
Must be ingested in food, cannot be synthesized
141
Where does anaerobic glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm (intracellular fluid)
142
How is citrate formed during the Kreb's Cycle?
Acetyl Co-A combines with oxaloacetate
143
Each gram of protein produces _______ kc
4 kc
144
What is ATP composed of?
Adenine Ribose 3 phosphate molecules
145
What is the enzyme used during the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid?
lactate dehydrogenase
146
What does citrate form?
Citrate undergoes reactions and forms 2 CO2 molecules and 1 ATP
147
When is the ATP-PC system used?
activities requiring much energy per second
148
What do enzymes do?
- facilitate chemical reactions -lower energy necessary for reaction to take place -facilitate and increase speed of reaction
149
What is the glucose storage within the body?
20g in blood, 100g in liver, 350 g in muscle
150
Which is the most rapid, readily available source of energy?
Carbohydrate
151
Plants convert ______ to \_\_\_\_\_\_.
plants convert sunlight to carbohydrates
152
What is lactic acid tolerance?
60-70g
153
How many amino acids are there and how are they distinguished from one another?
20, molecular structure
154
What is oxidation?
The removal of hydrogen ions from substrates. Electrons are also removed. (H atom = H+ + e-)
155
What are complex carbohydrates rich in?
vitamins and nutrients
157
How much oxygen is breathed out during expiration?
16%
158
Which step is PFK used during?
Glucose --\> pyruvic acid
159
What are electrons carried by during the Krebs cycle?
the cytochrome (a protein-carrying ion)
161
What measure is taken during indirect calorimetry?
Respiratory exchange ratio
162
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Production of ATP by ETC
163
How many essential amino acids are there?
9
164
Does the phosphagen system depend on a long series of chemical reactions?
No
165
What does the krebs cycle do?
oxidizes substrates and produces some ATP
166
When is aerobic metabolism used?
During rest and long-duration, lower-intensity activity
167
What happens during the ATP-PC system?
Energy released from the breakdown of phosphocreatine is used to produce ATP
168
What is the only system that produces lactic acid?
Anaerobic glycolysis
169
What are the 6 categories of nutrients?
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water
171
What is the rate limiting enzyme for anaerobic metabolism?
Phosphofructokinase
172
What is the total moles of ATP available for anaerobic glycolysis?
1.2
173
What are some aerobic adaptations to exercise?
ezyme, substrate, and lactate threshold adaptations
174
What types of tissue do fats contain?
plant and animal tissues
175
What does weight and sprint activities do to IM glycogen?
Increases with no change in glycogen
176
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ metabolism produces more energy per liter of oxygen
Carbohydrate
177
On average for a muscle to survive, it needs...
1 kc per 1 hr per kg body weight
178
Carbohydrates should make up approximately what % of diet?
40-50%
179
How long does the ATP-PC (Phosphagen) system take?
3-5 seconds
180
Does the phosphagen system depend on the transporting of oxygen?
No
181
Optimizing performance only by training is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Counterproductive
182
How many kcal are released when ATP is broken down?
7-12 kcal
183
A lipid (fat) molecule has the identical structural element of \_\_\_\_\_, but differs in \_\_\_\_\_.
CH, number of atoms
184
If you breathe more than the basal metabolic rate, it increase the \_\_\_\_\_.
MET
185
What is steady-state?
Reflects a balance between the energy required by the working muscles and ATP production via aerobic metabolism
186
Why is active recovery important?
Encourages lactic acid removal
187
How many ATP are produced by the complete degradation of glucose?
38 ATP
188
How much oxygen is utilized per minute during exercise?
200-300 mL
189
How long does it take for BP to return to normal after exercise?
15-20 min
190
What is the fate of lactic acid?
1. Excretion in urine and sweat
2. Conversion to glucose and glycogen
3. Oxidation to carbon dioxide and water
191
