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History Paper 2 > 3 Protest and Personal Freedom > Flashcards

3 Protest and Personal Freedom Flashcards

1
Q

Protest and personal freedom

what encouraged other protest movements? what did students target?

A
  • black civil rights movement helped inspire other groups
  • Students targetted:
    1. restrictive university authorities
    2. black inequality
    3. vietnam war (most protest)
    4. older americans also participated in 1969
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2
Q

student protest

How did Kennedy aid student protest? What aided other student protest?

4 points

A

In July 1960, he urged Americans to face the challenges posed by issues such as peace and prejudice.
- students demanded peace in vietnam
- CRM inspired students
- they resented college authorities who supported vietnam and didnt respect them

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3
Q

student protest

SDS and the New Left

A

student democratic society established in 1960 By Tom Hayden and other Michigan University students who were inspired by 1930s socialists

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4
Q

student protest

1962 Port Huron Michigan events

A
  • SDS, SNCC, CORE, Student Peace Union
  • called on students to change the political/social system to liberate minorities
  • they called for a ‘participatory democracy’
  • they gained national attention in april 1965 with their anti-vietnam demonstration in washington where 25,000 marched.
  • Johnson escalated the war
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5
Q

student protest

Berkeley free speech movement 1964

key individuals, numbers, results.

A
  • Mario Savio wanted to raise money for the SNCC, but Berkeley university didnt allow political activity or discussion on campus
  • thousands of students occupied the admin building until the police made 800 arrests.#
  • slogan ‘you cant trust anyone over 30’
  • 1965 a student arrested for displaying the word ‘fuck’
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6
Q

student protest

significance of the BFSM

A
  • nationwide student protest
  • criticsied unis for being impersonal, bureaucratic and excessively regulatory
  • anti-war students disliked universities for taking paid research from gov defencce agencies
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7
Q

student protest

Vietnam War; key events

A

Geneva 1954: french colonists agreed to exit Vietnam, which was to be divided into a temporary communist north and non-communist south
- Eisenhower supported the anti communist ‘south vietnam’
- Determined to maintain this anti communist state, Kennedy sent 20,000 ‘advisers’ to South Vietnam
- escalation occured, Johnson began bombing North Vietnam in 1964 and sent troops to South Vietnam in 1965
- By 1968 there were 500,000 US soldiers there

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8
Q

student protest

what caused antiwar protest

A
  • fear of the draft
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9
Q

antiwar protest

1959 Student Peace Union protest

A

staged a protest outside the white house in 1961 against the testing of nuclear waepons
- 3000 members by 1962

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10
Q

student protest

May 1964 Yale students NYC protest

A
  • 1000 yale students staged a protest march in NYC
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11
Q

student protest

how many participated in the berkeley ‘teach ins’

A
  • 20,000
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12
Q

student protest

1967 New Lefts National Mobilization Committee to End the War (the MOBE) protest as part of Stop the Draft Week .

A
  • protest in washington
  • 100,000 attended
  • draft cards publicly burned
  • Berkely radicals tried to close down Oakland draft HQ, 2000 police attacked them, and they retaliated with violence and vandalism
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13
Q

student protest

columbia university protest, 1968

A
  • students opposed universities involvement in weapons research
  • opposed relationship between university and Harlem and its black and hispanic populations, since 1958 Columbia Univeristys expansion programmes led to the eviction of thousands of harlem residents :(
  • 1968 the uni planned to construct a gym in a public park, the harlem students would have to go through a seperate door toe enter
  • ‘gym crow’
  • 17000 columbia students participated
  • seizing 5 university buildings and covering walls w pictures of malcolm /karl marx
  • police clubbed and arrested 692 people
  • gym never constructed
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14
Q

student protest

assessment of student protest: succeesses?

A
  • berkeley got free speech
  • defence contracts in columbia ended
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15
Q

student protest

assessment of student protest: failure?

A
  • opposition to american materialism ineffective
  • students promotion of violence damaged american liberal tradition
  • helped a conservative reaction, got nixon into the white house in november 1968
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16
Q

the counterculture

roots of hippie culture

A
  • beat generation
  • rejected traditional american values
  • communal living and harmony <33333
  • listened to ‘all you need is love’ by the beatles
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17
Q

the counterculture

San Francisco’s Haight-Ashbury

A
  • group of alienated young people moved here
  • wearing indian kaftans
  • smoking cannabis, adopting new names such as Coyote and Apache, and growing their hair
  • 100,000 hippies visited Haight-Ashbury
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18
Q

the counterculture - haight-ashbury

events in 1967 that gained national attention?

A
  1. human be-in: thousands met to celebrate freedom, communal living, and the environment (allen ginsburg attended)
  2. summer of love: tens of thousand sfo followers from all over america, time magazine predicted 300,000 hippies
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19
Q

the counterculture

woodstock

A
  • NY in 1969
  • ‘make love not war’
  • Joan Baez, Jefferson Airplane, Jimi Hendrix performance of national anthem attracted crisitcism for those who interpreted use of feedback/distortion as bomb sounds as an anti-war statement
20
Q

the counterculture

sex and drugs!

A

contemporary consensus: hippies enjoted sex more often/openly
- 1967 Reagan summed it up as ‘sex, drugs, and treason’
- cannabis, LSD, heroin popular.
- harvard university eg. Timothy Leary discovered shrooms on a visit to Mexico and openly advocated drug use in his Psychedelic Review advising students to ‘turn on, tune in, drop out’

21
Q

the counterculture

the diggers

A
  • wanted to END capitalism
  • organised free concerts, free food, meidcal care, transportation
  • 1966: in a happening they paraded a coffin through San Francisco crying ‘the death of money’
  • the yrejected counterculture, which tehy said had been taken over by the media
22
Q

the counterculture

the significance of the hippies

A
  • faded by 1970s
  • drew attention to eastern philosophy
  • contributed to liberalisation of sex/drugs
  • triggered a conserbative reaction
  • less important than anti-war preosts
23
Q

the growth of the women’s movement

inequality: what brought it to attention?

+ some statistics ;o

A
  • world war 2
  • 1963 most women were in paid jobs such as waitresses, cleaners, shop assistants, secretaries
  • employers were sexist: Eg. congresswoman martha griffiths scolded an airline that fired stewardesses when they were married or reached 32
  • 80% of teachers women, but only 10% of principals
  • 7% of doctos were women
  • 3% lawyers
  • 18 states refused to allow female jurors
  • schools expelled pregnant girls and fired pregnant teachers
24
Q

the growth of the women’s movement

daniel patrick moynihan (leading figure in the nixon administration), admitted what?

quote ;0

A

‘male dominance is so deeply a part of american life males dont even notice it.’

25
Q

the growth of the women’s movement

the impact of other protest movements

A
  • showed protest could bring legislative reforms
  • SNCC and the SDS were sexist, in 1964 women contributed to 33% of SDS members but only 6% of their leadership
  • anti-war protestors became feminists, in early 1968 hundreds of women attended an antiwar meeting in Washington then marched to Arlington National Cemetery and staged a mock ‘burial of traditional womanhood’
26
Q

the growth of the women’s movement

Betty Friedan and domesticity

A
  • culture portrayed women as stupid, and submissive.
  • some women took refuge in tranquilisers, which the quanity doubled between 1958-1959
  • Friedan wrote the feminine mystique 1963 urging women to break out of traditionand fulfil their potential through education and work
27
Q

the growth of the women’s movement

establishment of the NOW

A

1966 - established because th Equal Opportunities Commission refused to enforce title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act which banned discrimination on the grounds of sex.

28
Q

the growth of the women’s movement

tactics to counter the EOCs refusal to enforce Title VII of the 1964 civil rights act.

A
  1. litigation; the NOW represented Lorean Weeks, who said the Southern Bell company had contravened the 1964 civil rights act as they denied her application for promotion to switchman because women would not be able to lift 30 pounds. the NOW won in 1969 after several appeals
  2. political pressure: produced a Bill of Rights for Women 1968
  3. public information campaigns; 1967 the NOW helped gain national attention for the flight attendents fight against sexist airline advertisements
    4. protests: eg. 1970 NOW organised a natioanl strike for equality, 100,000 supported and thousands marched
29
Q

the growth of the women’s movement

from womens rights to womens liberation:what was it?

+Key individuals ;0

A
  • put a new emphasis on publicising and opposing sexist opression
  • key individuals: Jo freeman, Shulasmith Firestone and Ti-Grace Atkinson
30
Q

the growth of the women’s movement

1967 Freeman/Firestone National Conference of New Politics in Chicago

A
  • their resolution to gender inequality was told by conference director william pepper that it didnt merit floor discussion
  • this encouraged Freeman’s production of a newsletter voice of the women’s liberation movement which encouraged nationwide groups
31
Q

the growth of the women’s movement

‘womens lib’ support

A

first national meeting of womens liberation activists was held in chicago.
- it was a ‘younger branch which ‘prides itself on its lack of organisation’ (freeman)
- complementary to the NOW
- ‘consciousness raising’ meetings were held in colleges and the community
- 1960, 1/4 of women polled said they felt discriminated against, but 1974 it had reached 2/3

32
Q

the growth of the women’s movement

Firestone’s group

A

the New York Radical Feminists which held consciousness-raising meetings on the issue of male subordination of females
- the wrote the dialetic of sex in 1970

33
Q

the growth of the women’s movement

Atkinson and the Feminists

A
  • she felt the NOW was not radical enough and left in 1968
  • setup the feminists in NYC
  • emphasised that the sexual revolution only benefitted men more than women
  • she was critical of marriage and porn
34
Q

the growth of the women’s movement

disunity in the womens movement

A
  • some NOW members felt Firestone/Atkinson made the public less sympathetic
  • 1968 a group of over 100 women disrupted the swim parade at the Miss America Pageant in Atlantic City with a stink bomb and crowned a live sheep as ‘miss america’
  • some female activists disagreed with abortion
  • radicalesbians resented lack of support from the NOW for lesbian women
35
Q

the growth of the women’s movement

government response

A
  • 1967 Johnson. Executive order banned gender discrimination by federal contractors
  • NOW won £13m in backpay for women as a result of 1000 discrimination cases.
  • Both houses agreed to the ERA in 1972 but Nixon opposed it, and abortion
  • he vetoed the 1971 Child Development Act which wouldve established a national system of childcare centres for poor working mothers
36
Q

the growth of the women’s movement

supreme court cases 1969, 1971

A

weeks v. Southern Bell
reed v. reed: court ruled Idaho’s insistence that ‘males must be preferred to females
in terms of adminsitration of the estates of the decreases was unconstitutionally ruled.

37
Q

sexual liberalisation

number of couples who lived together 1955-1980

A

1955: 250,000
1980: 2m

38
Q

sexual liberalisation

premarital sex opinion

A
  • the % of single white women who had sex was around 25% in the mid 1950s, but more than doubled by 1972
  • 1969. 74% of women said they felt premarital sex was wrong, by 1973 it was 53%
39
Q

sexual liberalisation

pop culture examples of sexual liberalisation (limitations + openness)

A
  1. New York City tv station cancelled programme on ‘a sexual revolution’
  2. married coupele in the popular the Dick Van Dyke Show 1961-1966 assigned seperate beds seperated by a nightstand
  3. 1968 the broadway show hair celebrated sexual freedom
40
Q

sexual liberalisation

the kinsey reports 1948-1952

A
  1. 68% of males and 50% of females engaged in premarital sex
  2. 37% of males and 13% of women had at least 1 homosexual experience
  3. 8% of males and 4% of females had had some kind of sex with animal.s.. wahrt
  • reflected liberalisation of sexual behaviour
  • sped up after the 1960 PILL!!! ;0
41
Q

sexual liberalisation

developments in birth control and abortion

A

Griswold v. Connecticut 1965: married couples could not be refused contraception

1974 doctors could no longer refuse birth control to unmarried adults for ‘moral reasons’

1973 Abortion made legal

42
Q

sexual liberalisation

impact!

A
  • sex was explored and given coverage by pop culture
  • many individuals felt they had been freed from the victorian ‘moral code’
  • liberals saw an upward trajectory, but conservatives bemoaned the ‘permissive society’ as contributing to the breakdown of the traditional family unit
43
Q

the origins of gay rights

homophobia post ww2

A
  • same-sex activbity was illegal
  • homosexuals considered perverted
  • often expelled or fired
  • american psychiatric institute classified homosexuality as menal illness until 1974
44
Q

the origins of gay rights

1951 group of homosexual men in LA established the first…

A

mattachine society to promote equality
- mattachine societies in the 1960s encouraged emulating the black CRM and the black power movement
- authorities remained intolerant

45
Q

the origins of gay rights

the stonewall riots

A
  • 1969: homosexuals at the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village fought back against police harrassment
  • this triggered 5 days of rioting where hundreds participated
  • increased assertiveness led to SLOWLY changing attitudes
  • but, not legislation had been attained yet
46
Q

the origins of gay rights

lesbian assertiveness

A
  • kate millett participated in CORE actvisim then joined the NOW in 1966, and then she moved to the Radicalesbians and the New York Radical Women
  • sexual politics 1970 book critricised the patriarchy and traditional families.
  • another early member of the NOW, Ti-Grace Atkinson was the first to use the phrase ‘feminism is the theory, lesbianism is the practice’
  • many NOW members feared equating womens rights and lesbian would damage their cause
  • from 1971 the NOW began to acknowledge lesbian rights as a feminist issue

History Paper 2 (12 decks)

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