3: Proteins Flashcards
compounds of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen and sometimes may also contain sulfur and phosphorus
Proteins
building blocks and basic unit of proteins
Amino Acids
2 Categories of Amino Acids
Essential
Non-Essential
amino acids that must be present in the diet for the cannot be synthesized by the body
Essential Amino Acids
substances that are foreign to the body
xenobiotics
amino acids that can be synthesized by the body
Non-Essential Amino Acids
2 Classifications of Proteins
Fibrous
Globular
often structural and are mainly found in the integumentary system
Fibrous Proteins
polypeptide chains are arranged parallel in forming long sheets of fibers
Fibrous Proteins
fibrous protein that makes up the bones, skins, tendons, ang cartilage and gives their tensile strength
Collagen
most abundant fibrous protein in vertebrates
Collagen
sensitive type of fibrous protein that is denatured through boiling
Collagen
fibrous protein that makes up the outermost layer of the skin, hair, nails, scales, hooves, and feathers
Keratin
primary protein in the integumentary system and protects the body against the environment
Keratin
completely insoluble to water and is an extremely stable protein that it is able to resist the action of proteolytic enzymes
Keratin
fibrous protein that plays a major role in giving strength and rigidity to the skin
Keratin
metabolite fibrous protein that is converted into fibrin responsible for blood clotting
Fibrinogen
insoluble protein forming clots
Fibrin
fibrous protein responsible for muscle contraction by combining with actin
Muscle Protein
spherical proteins that are highly soluble and plays a focused role in the body’s metabolism
Globular Proteins
tightly folded polypeptide chains
Globular Proteins
globular protein that is most abundant in animal cells, blood serum, milk, and eggs
Albumin and Globulin
globular protein that carries the oxygen throughout the body and gives the blood its bright red color
Hemoglobin
type of anemia where the RBCs inflate until it explodes
Megaloblastic Anemia
anemia from lack of iron
Iron Deficiency Anemia
most dangerous and complicated type of anemia
Pernicious anemia
globular protein that is the cause of the sickle cell anemia
Hemoglobin S
globular protein that serve as catalyst for chemical reactions by combing with other substances
Enzymes
primarily responsible for the metabolism that triggers and controls
Enzymes
transfer of hydrogen and oxygen atoms or electrons from one substrate to another
Oxidoreductase
reduces oxygen
Oxidoreductase
transfers a specific group from one substrate to another
Transferases
performs hydrolysis of substrate causing chemical reactions to stop
Hydrolases
non-hydrolytic removal or addition of a group to a substrate
Lyases
joining of 2 molecules by the formation of new bonds
Ligases
change of the molecular form of the substrate
Isomerase
protein from the endocrine glands that stimulate target organs to initiate or control activities
Protein Hormones
produced by the langerhan cells that regulates carbohydrate metabolism by controlling the blood glucose level
Insulin
from the thyroid that is responsible for growth and development as well as overall metabolism
Thyroglobulin
dwarfism
Hypothyroidism
giantism
Hyperthyroidism
induces growth of blood vessels determined in mid 1980s
Angiogenin
produced by the thyroid and performs synergistically with calcium in lowering the blood’s calcium levels
Calcitonin
immunoglobulins
Antibodies
proteins that protect the body against antigens or body-invading organisms or substances
Antibodies
antibodies found in body fluids
IgA
antibodies that are part of the B-Cell receptors and binds to approaching allergens by activating basophils and mast cells
IgD
antibodies against parasitic worms allergic reactions
IgE
antibodies most abundant in the body produced by the plasma cells and are able to cross placenta into the fetus
IgG
largest antibodies that are able to penetrate various organs and is responsible for the early stages of immunity
IgM
hollow tubes that make up the cilia and flagella responsible for the locomotion of prokaryotes
Microtubules
provide receptors or channels for polar or charged molecules to pass through the cell membrane
Membrane Proteins
loss of conformation / breakdown (ph eme eme)
Denaturation
regaining of biological activity via self-assembly
Renaturation
