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NR-NUR125 | Nutrition and Diet Therapy > [3] PROTEIN > Flashcards

[3] PROTEIN Flashcards

1
Q
  • Fundamental structural unit/elements of every cell of the body
  • Essential for normal growth and development and maintenance of health
A

Protein

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2
Q

Protein

From GREEK word (1) “____” meaning (2) ____

A

(1) proteios
(2) “of first” or “primary”

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3
Q

Protein

  • Has extremely complex molecules containing:
    (1) ____
  • Only nutrient group that contains (2) ____
  • Composed of chemical compounds called (3) ____
A

(1) C, H, O, N S, Fe, P, I, Cu
(2) nitrogen (16%)
(3) amino acids

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4
Q
  • Chemical compounds which make up proteins
  • Building blocks of all proteins
A

Amino Acids

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5
Q

Amino Acids

Assembled in the body to form specific ____

A

tissue protein

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6
Q

Amino Acids - Examples

  • (1) ____ in the connective tissues
  • (2) ____ in muscles
  • (3) ____ in hemoglobin
A

(1) Collagen
(2) Myosin
(3) RBC

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7
Q

Classification of Amino Acids

Amino acids not manufactured by the body and are obtained only from the food we eat.

A

Essential Amino Acids

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8
Q

Examples of Essential Amino Acids

A

Histidine
Phenylalanine
Lysine
Threonine
Valine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Methionine
Tryptophan

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9
Q

Classification of Amino Acids

Can maintain life processes for adults but not enough for normal growth in children (essential only for children)

A

Semi-essential Amino Acids

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10
Q

Example of Semi-essential Amino Acids

A

Arginine

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11
Q

Classification of Amino Acids

Amino acids which are synthesized/manufactured by the body so they are not essential in the diet

A

Non-essential Amino Acids

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12
Q

Examples of Non-essential Amino Acids

A

Alanine
Aspargine
Aspartic Acid
Cystine (Cysteine)
Glutamic Acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Hydroxylysine
Proline
Serine
Tyrosine

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13
Q

Functions of Protein

  1. ____ & ____
  2. Essential for ____
  3. Provides ____
  4. ____
A
  1. Body building & repair tissue
  2. Essential for growth
  3. Provides energy
  4. Regulator of body processes
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14
Q

Recommended Energy & Nutrition Intakes (RENI) - Protein

Standard:
* (1) ____ desirable body weight for normal adult

Based on caloric requirement:
* (2) ____ of total calories consumed in a day

A

(1) 1 gm/kg
(2) 10-15%

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15
Q

Ways of Improving Protein Quality

Adding micronutrients to foods to ensure that minimum dietary requirements are met

A

Fortification

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16
Q

Ways of Improving Protein Quality

Vitamins or minerals have been added to the food

A

Enrichment

17
Q

Ways of Improving Protein Quality

A preparation intended to provide nutrients that may be missing or may not be consumed in sufficient quantity in a person’s diet

A

Supplementation

18
Q

Ways of Improving Protein Quality

Any protein that is incomplete on its own but may become complete when combined with other proteins to provide all of the amino acids necessary for normal metabolism

A

Complementation

19
Q

Digestion of Protein

  • (1) ____ to make it more susceptible to the action of enzymes
  • HCl coverts (2) ____ to ____.
  • (3) ____ begins to break down proteins into smaller polypeptides & some amino acids.
A

(1) Stomach acid with the aid of HCl
(2) pepsinogen to the enzyme pepsin
(3) Pepsin

20
Q

Digestion of Amino Acids

  • Bulk of protein digestion takes place in the (1) ____
  • (2) ____ are responsible for breaking down proteins into simpler substances (tripeptide, dipeptides, & amino acids).
  • Enzymes located on the surface of the intestinal wall, (3) ____, complete the digestive process
A

(1) small intestine
(2) Pancreatic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, & carboxypeptidase)
(3) aminopeptidase & dipeptidase

21
Q

Absorption of Proteins

  • Takes place in the (1) ____ of the small intestine through (2) ____
  • (3) ____ release amino acids into the bloodstream for transport to the (4) ____
A

(1) mucosa
(2) active transport
(3) Intestinal cells
(4) liver

22
Q

Liver Functions Related to Protein Metabolism

  • It uses the (1) ____ & ____.
  • It retains amino acids to make (2) ____, ____, & ____
  • It regulates the release of (3) ____ and removes ____ from the circulation
  • It regulates (4) ____
A

(1) amino acid that it needs & releases those that aren’t needed elsewhere
(2) liver cells, non-essential amino acids, & plasma protein
(3) amino acids into the bloodstream and removes excess amino acids
(4) energy metabolism

23
Q

Metabolism of Proteins

A constant two-part process:
1. ____ - proteins are broken down by the body into amino acids.
1. ____ – amino acids are resynthesized into tissues as needed.

This is a continuous conversion needed to maintain (3) ____ within the body.

A

(1) Catabolism
(2) Anabolism
(3) overall protein balance

24
Q

Index of the amount of CHON utilized by the body & how well body tissues are being maintained

A

Nitrogen Balance

25
Q

Nitrogen Balance

Nitrogen intake from CHONs must be equal to the ____

A

nitrogen output in urine & feces

26
Q

Nitrogen Balance

Occurs when the body takes in more nitrogen than it excretes = tissue building

A

Positive Nitrogen Balance

e.g. infancy, pregnancy & lactation, childhood and adolescents

27
Q

Nitrogen Balance

Occurs when the body takes in less nitrogen than it excretes = More tissues are broken down than built

A

Negative Nitrogen Balance

e.g. Malnutrition, emotional stress, illness, surgery, shock, immobility and severe pain

28
Q

Problems Related to Protein Intake

Develops when there is an inadequate supply or intake of protein e.g. in case of famine, poverty and inadequate food supply

A

Kwashiorkor (Protein Deficiency)

29
Q

Kwashiorkor (Protein Deficiency)

Manifestations: accumulation of (1) ____, (2) ____, painful skin lesions, changes in the (3) ____, and (4) ____

A

(1) fat in the liver
(2) edema
(3) pigmentation of skin and hair
(4) muscle wasting

30
Q

Problems Related to Protein Intake

  • Resulting from severe malnutrition
  • Afflicts young children and adults who lack both energy and protein foods as well as vitamins and minerals
A

Marasmus (Protein Energy Malnutrition)

31
Q

Marasmus (Protein Energy Malnutrition)

Appears (1) ____ but does not have (2) ____, hair is (3) ____, and the skin is (4) ____

A

(1) emaciated
(2) edema
(3) dull and dry
(4) thin and wrinkled

32
Q

Problems Related to Protein Intake

May contribute to:
* Heart disease
* Colon cancer
* Osteoporosis due to Ca depletion

A

Protein Excess

33
Q

Protein Excess

Puts more demands on the (1) ____, converting (2) ____ to ____, and the (3) ____ to excrete excess urea as in the case of (4) ____

A

(1) liver
(2) nitrogen to urea
(3) kidneys
(4) ketosis

34
Q

Effects of Imbalance

  • (1) ____
  • Increased (2) ____
  • Loss of (3) ____ leading to impairment of body function
A

(1) Growth retardation
(2) susceptibility to infection
(3) muscle tissue

NR-NUR125 | Nutrition and Diet Therapy (10 decks)

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