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NR-NUR125 | Nutrition and Diet Therapy > [10] ENERGY METABOLISM > Flashcards

[10] ENERGY METABOLISM Flashcards

1
Q
  • The capacity to do work.
  • Chemical energy locked in foodstuffs
A

Energy

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2
Q

METABOLSIM

  • ____
  • The chemical process of transforming foods into ____ and of transforming ____.
A
  • “Metabolismos”
  • The chemical process of transforming foods into complex tissue elements and of transforming complex body substances into simple ones.
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3
Q

METABOLISM

  • All types of changes that occur in food nutrients after they have been absorbed from ____ and to the ____ involved in utilizing these nutrients.
  • The total ____ that takes place in the body.
A
  • All types of changes that occur in food nutrients after they have been absorbed from GIT and to the cellular activity involved in utilizing these nutrients.
  • The total chemical and biological processes that takes place in the body.
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4
Q

MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY OF FOOD

  • From Latin word ‘calor’ - heat
  • The standard unit in measuring heat.
A

Calorie

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5
Q

CALORIE

  • By-products when ____ are oxidized in the body
  • Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of ____
A
  • By-products when carbohydrates, protein and fats are oxidized in the body
  • Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water to 1°C
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6
Q
  • From Chilioi (french)-thousand & Calor (latin)-heat meaning large calorie
  • Measure of energy in the metabolism of food
A

Kilocalorie

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7
Q

ATWATER OR PHYSIOLOGIC FUEL (CALORIC) VALUES OF FOOD

  • 4 cal/ gm of CHO = ____
  • 9 cal/ gm of Fat = ____
  • 4 cal/ gm of CHON = ____
  • 1 cal = ____
A
  • 4 cal/ gm of CHO = 17J
  • 9 cal/ gm of Fat = 38J
  • 4 cal/ gm of CHON = 17J
  • 1 cal = 4.184 Joules
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8
Q

EXAMPLE CALCULATION

A slice of cake which contains 3 gm CHON, 1 gm fat and 15gm CHO will provide the following Kcal:

  • 3gm CHON x ____ = ____
  • 1gm fat x ____ =____
  • 15gm CHO x ____ = ____

Total : ____

A

A slice of cake which contains 3 gm CHON, 1 gm fat and 15gm CHO will provide the following Kcal:

  • 3gm CHON x 4 cal = 12 cal
  • 1gm fat x 9 cal = 9 cal
  • 15gm CHO x 4 cal = 60 cal

Total : 81 cal

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9
Q

EXAMPLE CALCULATION

Get the percentage of Kcal from the nutrient:

  • 12 cal from CHON/ 81 cal = ____
  • 9 cal from fat/81 cal = ____
  • 60 cal from CHO/ 81 cal = ____
A

Get the percentage of Kcal from the nutrient:

  • 12 cal from CHON/ 81 cal = 14.8%
  • 9 cal from fat/81 cal = 11.1%
  • 60 cal from CHO/ 81 cal = 74.0%
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10
Q

The energy expended by an individual in 24 hours

A

TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE (TEE)

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11
Q

TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE (TEE)

  • ____ = largest portion (60% to 65%)
  • ____ = smallest component (10%)
  • ____ = most variable component
A
  • REE or basal metabolism = largest portion (60% to 65%)
  • Thermic effect of food (TEF) = smallest component (10%)
  • Physical activity (PA) = most variable component
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12
Q

MEASURING HUMAN ENERGY EXPENDITURE

  • Monitors the amount of heat produced by a person placed inside a structure called whole-room calorimeters
A

Direct Calorimetry

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13
Q

DIRECT CALORIMETRY

  • Measures the amount of ____ taken in and the ____ given off by means of a respirometer, the amount used is correlated with ____
A
  • Measures the amount of oxygen taken in and the carbon dioxide given off by means of a respirometer, the amount used is correlated with body heat production
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14
Q

COMPONENTS OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE

  1. ____
  2. ____
  3. ____
A
  1. Basal Metabolic Rate
  2. Physical Activitity
  3. Thermic Effect of Food
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15
Q

Amount of energy required to carry on vital body processes when the body is at rest

A

BASAL METABOLISM

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16
Q

BASAL METABOLISM

  • Also called ____ (REE)
  • Example: metabolic activities of cells & tissues to maintain ____
A
  • Also called ENERGY EXPENDITURE FOR INVOLUNTARY ACTIVITIES or RESTING ENERGY EXPENDITURE (REE)
  • Example: metabolic activities of cells & tissues to maintain homeostasis of body systems
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17
Q
  • Measurement of the basal metabolic rate
  • Expression of the number of calories used hourly in relation to the surface of the body
A

BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR)

Basal Energy Expenditure (BEE) or REE

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18
Q

BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR)

  • Usually expressed as ____
  • Approximation in Adult: ____
A
  • Usually expressed as kilocalories per 24 hours (kcal/24 hr)
  • Approximation in Adult: 1 kcal per kg of body weight per hour (1 kcal/kg DBW/hr)
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19
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING BMR

  • Major single determinant: fat-free mass (FFM) or lean body mass (LBM)
  • Athletes with greater muscular development = 5% higher BMR than nonathletic individuals
  • Large proportion of inactive adipose tissue lowers the BMR
A

BODY COMPOSITION

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20
Q

BODY COMPOSITION

  • Major single determinant: ____
  • Athletes with greater muscular development = ____ than nonathletic individuals
  • ____ lowers the BMR
A
  • Major single determinant: fat-free mass (FFM) or lean body mass (LBM)
  • Athletes with greater muscular development = 5% higher BMR than nonathletic individuals
  • Large proportion of inactive adipose tissue lowers the BMR
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21
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING BMR

  • Highest during periods of rapid growth = first and second years of life
  • BMR declines during old age 5% decrease per decade (40-58 yrs)
  • 10% decrease per decade (60-69 & 70 and above)
A

AGE

22
Q

AGE

  • Highest during periods of rapid growth = ____
  • BMR declines during ____
  • ____ (60-69 & 70 and above)
A
  • Highest during periods of rapid growth = **first and second years of life **
  • BMR declines during old age 5% decrease per decade (40-58 yrs)
  • 10% decrease per decade (60-69 & 70 and above)
23
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING BMR

Tall, lean man – higher metabolism

A

BODY SIZE & SURFACE AREA (HEIGHT)

24
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING BMR

Women have 5-10% lower BMR than men

A

SEX

25
Q

Women have ____ BMR than men

A

Women have 5-10% lower BMR than men

26
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING BMR

  • Thyroid gland -> Hyperthyroidism -> increase basal energy needs (50-75%)
  • Hypothyroidism -> decrease Thyroxine by 10% during sleep
  • Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system -> release of epinephrine -> glyconeolysis and increased cellular activity
  • Increase EE during menstruation (150Kcal/day)
A

ENDOCRINE GLANDS / HORMONAL STATUS

27
Q

ENDOCRINE GLANDS / HORMONAL STATUS

  • Thyroid gland -> Hyperthyroidism -> increase ____
  • Hypothyroidism -> decrease ____
  • Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system -> release of epinephrine -> ____
  • Increase EE during ____
A
  • Thyroid gland -> Hyperthyroidism -> increase basal energy needs (50-75%)
  • Hypothyroidism -> decrease Thyroxine by 10% during sleep
  • Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system -> release of epinephrine -> glyconeolysis and increased cellular activity
  • Increase EE during menstruation (150Kcal/day)
28
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING BMR

  • BMR is increased by 20-25%
  • Increase in EE
  • Approx. 15-20 kcal/kg of body weight per day
A

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION

29
Q

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION

  • BMR is ____
  • Increase in ____
  • Approx. ____ of body weight per day
A
  • BMR is increased by 20-25%
  • Increase in EE
  • Approx. 15-20 kcal/kg of body weight per day
30
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING BMR

  • Increase body temp = 7% rise above 98.6 F
    = 13% for each degree above 37 C
  • Decreased temp = BMR increases
A

BODY TEMPERATURE

31
Q

BODY TEMPERATURE

  • Increase body temp = ____
    = ____
  • Decreased temp = ____
A
  • Increase body temp = 7% rise above 98.6 F
    = 13% for each degree above 37 C
  • Decreased temp = BMR increases
32
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING BMR

  • Low BMR: obesity, starvation, fasting, hypothyroidism, undernutrition
  • Increased BMR: hyperthyroidism, cardio-renal diseases
  • Acute infection in infants and young children: inc. caloric req’t by 25-40%
A

STATE OF NUTRITION/BODY CONDITION

33
Q

STATE OF NUTRITION/BODY CONDITION

  • Low BMR: ____
  • Increased BMR: ____
  • ____ in infants and young children: inc. caloric req’t by ____
A
  • Low BMR: obesity, starvation, fasting, hypothyroidism, undernutrition
  • Increased BMR: hyperthyroidism, cardio-renal diseases
  • Acute infection in infants and young children: inc. caloric req’t by 25-40%
34
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING BMR

  • People living in tropical climates usually have BMRs that are 5% to 20% higher than those living in temperate areas
  • Exercise in temperatures >86°F (30°C)
    = 5% increase in BMR and sweat gland activity.
A

ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE

35
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE

  • People living in tropical climates usually have BMRs that are ____ than those living in temperate areas
  • Exercise in temperatures ____
    = ____ increase in BMR and sweat gland activity.
A
  • People living in tropical climates usually have BMRs that are 5% to 20% higher than those living in temperate areas
  • Exercise in temperatures **>86°F (30°C) **
    = 5% increase in BMR and sweat gland activity.
36
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING BMR

  • Increase in EE above basal needs
A

PHYSICAL OR MUSCULAR ACTIVITY

37
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING BMR

  • Barbiturates, narcotics, and muscle relaxants decrease the metabolic rate
A

DRUGS

38
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING BMR

Decrease BMR by 10% to 15%

A

SLEEP

39
Q

Used for Calculation of BMR

A

Harris Benedict Formula

40
Q

HARRIS BENEDICT FORMULA

For males:
* REE = ____

For females:
* REE = ____

A

For males:
* REE = 66.5 + (13.5 x wt. in kg.) + (5 x ht. in cm.) – (6.75 x age in yr.)

For females:
* REE = 655.1 + (9.56 x wt. in kg.) + (1.85 x ht. in cm) – (4.68 x age in yr.)

41
Q
  • Most variable and most changeable component
  • Approx. = 10% - bedridden,
    = 50% - athlete
  • Includes voluntary exercise and involuntary activities
A

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

42
Q

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

  • Most variable and most changeable component
  • Approx. = ____ - bedridden,
    = ____ - athlete
  • Includes ____ and ____
A
  • Most variable and most changeable component
  • Approx. = 10% - bedridden,
    = 50% - athlete
  • Includes voluntary exercise and involuntary activities
43
Q
  • The significant elevation of the metabolic rate following ingestion of a meal.
  • When food is ingested, digested, absorbed and metabolized, basal metabolism is increased by 10%.
A

THERMIC EFFECT OF FOOD (TEF)

SPECIFIC DYNAMIC ACTION (SDA)

44
Q

THERMIC EFFECT OF FOOD (TEF) / SPECIFIC DYNAMIC ACTION (SDA)

  • The significant ____ following ingestion of a meal.
  • When food is ingested, digested, absorbed and metabolized, basal metabolism is increased by ____
A
  • The significant elevation of the metabolic rate following ingestion of a meal.
  • When food is ingested, digested, absorbed and metabolized, basal metabolism is increased by 10%
45
Q

ESTIMATING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

  • Adult male : ____
  • Adult female : ____
A
  • Adult male : 2000 – 3000 kcal
  • Adult female : 1400 – 3000 kcal
46
Q

ESTIMATING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

Most frequently used

A

KRAUSE METHOD

47
Q

KRAUSE METHOD

Total Energy Requirement (TER) = ____

A

Total Energy Requirement (TER) = Desired Body Weight (DBW) x Level of Activity

48
Q

KRAUSE METHOD

  • Bed Rest = ____
  • Sedentary = ____
  • Light = ____
  • Moderate = ____
  • Heavy = ____
A
  • Bed Rest = 27.5 kcal/kg DBW/hr
  • Sedentary = 30 “
  • Light = 35 “
  • Moderate = 40 “
  • Heavy = 45 “
49
Q
  • ____ - secretary, typist, administrator, cashier, bank teller
  • ____ - housewife w/o maid, vendor, mechanic, jeepney, and car driver
  • ____ - farmer, laborer, “kargador”, coal miner, heavy equipment operator
  • ____ - teacher, nurse student, lab technician, housewife w/ maids
A
  • Sedentary - secretary, typist, administrator, cashier, bank teller
  • Moderate - housewife w/o maid, vendor, mechanic, jeepney, and car driver
  • Heavy - farmer, laborer, “kargador”, coal miner, heavy equipment operator
  • Light - teacher, nurse student, lab technician, housewife w/ maids
50
Q
A

NR-NUR125 | Nutrition and Diet Therapy (11 decks)

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