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Urogenital System > 3. Pregnancy: Maternal Adaptations > Flashcards

3. Pregnancy: Maternal Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

List 8 factors that influence adaptation to pregnancy

A 
Age
Parity
Previous experience (obstetric)
Body build ; BMI
Preexisting disease
Socio-economic factors
Ethnic, geographic, climactic variables
No. and size of conceptus
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2
Q

List two general effects of pregnancy on the mother

A 
Gain in body water
Weight gain (lordosis: backache, cramps, nerve compression)
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3
Q

What is the approximate weight gain of the mother in pregnancy

A

7kg

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4
Q

What effect does pregnancy have on Cardiac Output

A

Raised Cardiac Output by 1.5l/min by 10 weeks

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5
Q

What is the effect of pregnancy on pulse rate

A

Pulse rate raised by 15bpm

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6
Q

What is the effect of Pregnancy on pulse pressure

A

Raised pulse pressure

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7
Q

What is the effect of Pregnancy on Peripheral Resistance

A

Fall in Peripheral resistance (vasodilation)

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8
Q

What is the effect of Pregnancy on the position of the heart

A

Heart pushed upwards and rotates forwards

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9
Q

What is the effect of Pregnancy on the size of the heart

A

Heart enlargement

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10
Q

What is the effect of pregnancy on diastolic blood pressure

A

Diastolic pressure falls by 10-15mmhg by 2nd Trimester

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11
Q

There is a 50% increase in flow to which organs during pregnancy

A

Uterus
Kidney
Skin

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12
Q

How does pregnancy affect the chest shape of the mother

A

Flaring of the ribs

Diaphragm raised

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13
Q

What is the effect of Pregnancy on maternal pCO2

A

pCO2 lowered

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14
Q

What is the effect of Pregnancy on maternal ventilation

A

Raised maternal ventilation

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15
Q

What is the effect of Pregnancy on vital capacity and tidal volume

A

Tidal volume increases by 200ml (normal 500ml)

Vital capacity increases by 200ml (normal 3000-5000ml)

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16
Q

What is the effect of Pregnancy on red cell mass

A

Red cell mass increases by 20%

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17
Q

What is the effect of Pregnancy on plasma volume

A

Plasma volume Increases by 50%

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18
Q

What is the effect of Pregnancy on red cell volume

A

Red cell volume rises

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19
Q

What is the effect of Pregnancy on platelets

A

Platelets decreased

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20
Q

What is the effect of Pregnancy on clotting factors and fibrinogen

A

Raised clotting factors and fibrinogen

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21
Q

What are the changes seen in the uterus in pregnancy

A
  • Increase in size and weight of the uterus (10x) ; hyperplasia and hypertrophy
22
Q

What changes in the Myometrial syncytium are seen in pregnancy

A

More gap junctions and oxytocin receptors

23
Q

What changes are seen in the cervix in pregnancy

A

Less collagen as term approaches

24
Q

What changes are seen in the vagina during pregnancy

A

More glycogen in cells

25
Q

What is the effect of Pregnancy on Glomerular Filtration Rate

A

50% increase

26
Q

List five effects of pregnancy on the Kidney and Urinary Tract

A

50% increase in GFR
Increased urine production
Extrinsic Bladder compression
Frequency of micturition, nocturia, stress incontinence

27
Q

What changes are seen in the mouth during pregnancy

A

Taste change
Ptyalism
Pica

28
Q

What effect does pregnancy have in the stomach

A

Reflux, hyperacidity, reduced emptying

29
Q

What effect does pregnancy have on the intestine

A

Better fluid absorption

~ constipation

30
Q

What effect does pregnancy have on the liver and gall bladder

A

Cholestasis

31
Q

List 7 changes seen in the skin seen in pregnancy

A 
Increased skin pigmentation 
Facial chloasma
Striae
Vasodilation 
Spider nevi
Postnatal shedding of hair and nails
Pregnancy prurigo (itchy skin papules)
32
Q

How is glucose transferred to the fetus

A

Facilitated diffusion through placenta in membrane vesicles

33
Q

Does insulin cross the placenta

34
Q

True or false

Fetal hyperinsulinemia promotes transfer of glucose

35
Q

What is the effect of maternal hyperglycemia on the fetus

A

May exaggerate fetal insulin response leading to fetopathy

36
Q

What is the normal weight and length of a 16 week fetus

A

100gms

14-17 cm long

37
Q

What is the normal weight of a 24 week fetus

38
Q

Fat deposition starts at which week in the fetus

39
Q

What is the normal weight and length of a 28 week fetus

A

1050gms

37cm long

40
Q

What is the normal weight and length of a 32 week fetus

A

1700gms

42 cm long

41
Q

What is the normal weight and length of a 36 week fetus

A

2500 gms

47cm long

42
Q

What is the normal weight and length of a 40 week fetus

A

3200-3500gms

50cm long

43
Q

When does the fetus start its own production of insulin

44
Q

True or False

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone TSH, crosses the placenta

45
Q

In fetal circulation, what percentage of cardiac output goes to umbilical arteries

46
Q

When does Fetal circulation start

47
Q

When does fetal erythropoeisis start

A

By 6 weeks

48
Q

Which Haemoglobin is dominant in fetal blood by 8 weeks

49
Q

What is the main source of Amniotic Fluid

A

Fetal Urinary Tract

50
Q

What is the result of obstruction to the Fetal Urinary Tract

A

Oligohydramnios

Urogenital System (17 decks)

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