3. Pathways that harvest chemical energy Flashcards
cells get energy from ___ in a series of metabolic pathways
glucose
metabolic pathways are a series of ___ ___ that are catalyzed by an ___ that changes the ____ into another molecule
chemical reactions , enzymes , molecules
overall equation of glucose (AKA) ____ ____ is? with oxygen… result?
aerobic respiration
NOTECARD SO REVIEW THIS
DESCRIBE THE PRINCIPLES THAT OXYGEN METABOLIC PATHWAYS IN CELLS (5)`
- Huge transformation is a step by step process
- each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
- many metabolic pathways are similar in all organisms
- in eukaryotes, each individual pathway is compartmentalized into specific organelles
- enzymes can inhibit or activate to turn on or turn off a pathway
what is the source of energy of all earth
sun
sun to photosynthesis (process) is called?
glucose
___ is the break down of glucose into a different molecule that releases energy captured by ___
glycolysis , ATP
Glycolysis occurs in both ___ & ____ & proceed with ___ or without ____
prokaryotes & eukaryotes
oxygen
if oxygen is present the glucose (____) can be ____ ____ completely ____ & ____ into ____
(pyruvate) , broken down , oxidized, harvested/captured, ATP
if oxygen is not present it follows ____ pathway which is the ____ oxidation of ____ to harvest ____ _____
fermentation
incomplete
glucose
less ATP
many metabolic pathways/reactions are ____ ____ (_____ ______)
oxidation reduction (redox reactions)
what is a redox reaction/ oxidation reduction?
a transfer of electrons from one substance to another
if electrons are gained by a substance it means it has been?
reduced
but if electrons are lost by a substance it means it is?
oxidized
OIL RIG is what
oxidation is lost , reduction is gained
oxidation & reduction _____ _______ ______
always occur together
in biological redox reactions _____ can be thought as ____
electrons = hydrogens
hydrogens = electrons
EX: if a carbon containing molecule gains H+ it has also gained ____ & so it has been ____ & is a ____ agent
electrons , reduced, oxidation
OPPOSITE EX: if carbon containing molecule looses H+ it also looses ____ so it has been ____ & is a _____ agent
electrons , oxidized, reducing
not all redox reaction lose or gain electrons but also ____ electrons
transfer/share
sometimes enzymes need a little help by a coenzyme called?
NAD+
NAD+ is a ____ ____ meaning?
electron carrier
it will accept/gain electrons (reducing agent) to the oxidation of glucose
NAD+ will ____-____ _____(electrons) & will get ____ into _____
pick up hydrogens , reduced, NADH
OVERALL
NAD+ are ____ ____ that help ____ to _____ _____ from one substance to another
electron carrier
enzymes
transfer electrons
the oxidation of NADH to NAD+ is an _____ reaction
exergonic
glycolysis is the ____ process in aerobic condition & O2 is available to act as ?
1st
the final electron acceptor
there are ____ metabolic pathway that operate
4
what are the metabolic pathways that operate
glycolysis , pyruvate, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
the process that is common to both anaerobic & aerobic fermentation is called?
glycolysis
glycolysis takes place in the?
cytoplasm
glycolysis occurs in ___ steps
10
the ending result of glycolysis is?
2 molecules of pyruvate
produce energy of ____ ATP and ____ ____
2 2 NADH
the first 5 steps of glycolysis requires?
for why?
this means the first 5 steps are _____ ______
ATP, to get it started, energy consuming
glycolysis steps 6-10 are ____ ____ meaning these steps ____ ____ (____ _____ ____) & #___ ____ so yeilds in total #__ __ & #___ ___
energy yielding
produce NADH (reduce electron carriers)
4ATP and 2NADH
phosphorylation means?
this means?
movement of phosphate groups
a phosphate group has been added to another chemical
what are energy inputs and outputs of glycolysis? (carbon & energy)
(carbon containing input) - 1 glucose molecule & 6 carbon
(carbon containing output) - 2 pyruvate & 3 carbons
(energy input) - 2 ATP & 2 NAD+
(energy output) - 4 ATP & 2NADH
