3. Pathways that harvest chemical energy

Question 1

cells get energy from ___ in a series of metabolic pathways

Answer 1

glucose

Question 2

metabolic pathways are a series of ___ ___ that are catalyzed by an ___ that changes the ____ into another molecule

Answer 2

chemical reactions , enzymes , molecules

Question 3

overall equation of glucose (AKA) ____ ____ is? with oxygen… result?

Answer 3

aerobic respiration

Question 4

NOTECARD SO REVIEW THIS
DESCRIBE THE PRINCIPLES THAT OXYGEN METABOLIC PATHWAYS IN CELLS (5)`

Answer 4

1. Huge transformation is a step by step process
2. each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
3. many metabolic pathways are similar in all organisms
4. in eukaryotes, each individual pathway is compartmentalized into specific organelles
5. enzymes can inhibit or activate to turn on or turn off a pathway

Question 5

what is the source of energy of all earth

Answer 5

sun

Question 6

sun to photosynthesis (process) is called?

Answer 6

glucose

Question 7

___ is the break down of glucose into a different molecule that releases energy captured by ___

Answer 7

glycolysis , ATP

Question 8

Glycolysis occurs in both ___ & ____ & proceed with ___ or without ____

Answer 8

prokaryotes & eukaryotes
oxygen

Question 9

if oxygen is present the glucose (____) can be ____ ____ completely ____ & ____ into ____

Answer 9

(pyruvate) , broken down , oxidized, harvested/captured, ATP

Question 10

if oxygen is not present it follows ____ pathway which is the ____ oxidation of ____ to harvest ____ _____

Answer 10

fermentation
incomplete
glucose
less ATP

Question 11

many metabolic pathways/reactions are ____ ____ (_____ ______)

Answer 11

oxidation reduction (redox reactions)

Question 12

what is a redox reaction/ oxidation reduction?

Answer 12

a transfer of electrons from one substance to another

Question 13

if electrons are gained by a substance it means it has been?

Answer 13

reduced

Question 14

but if electrons are lost by a substance it means it is?

Answer 14

oxidized

Question 15

OIL RIG is what

Answer 15

oxidation is lost , reduction is gained

Question 16

oxidation & reduction _____ _______ ______

Answer 16

always occur together

Question 17

in biological redox reactions _____ can be thought as ____

Answer 17

electrons = hydrogens
hydrogens = electrons

Question 18

EX: if a carbon containing molecule gains H+ it has also gained ____ & so it has been ____ & is a ____ agent

Answer 18

electrons , reduced, oxidation

Question 19

OPPOSITE EX: if carbon containing molecule looses H+ it also looses ____ so it has been ____ & is a _____ agent

Answer 19

electrons , oxidized, reducing

Question 20

not all redox reaction lose or gain electrons but also ____ electrons

Answer 20

transfer/share

Question 21

sometimes enzymes need a little help by a coenzyme called?

Answer 21

NAD+

Question 22

NAD+ is a ____ ____ meaning?

Answer 22

electron carrier
it will accept/gain electrons (reducing agent) to the oxidation of glucose

Question 23

NAD+ will ____-____ _____(electrons) & will get ____ into _____

Answer 23

pick up hydrogens , reduced, NADH

Question 24

OVERALL
NAD+ are ____ ____ that help ____ to _____ _____ from one substance to another

Answer 24

electron carrier
enzymes
transfer electrons

Question 25

the oxidation of NADH to NAD+ is an _____ reaction

Answer 25

exergonic

Question 26

glycolysis is the ____ process in aerobic condition & O2 is available to act as ?

Answer 26

1st
the final electron acceptor

Question 27

there are ____ metabolic pathway that operate

Answer 27

4

Question 28

what are the metabolic pathways that operate

Answer 28

glycolysis , pyruvate, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

Question 29

the process that is common to both anaerobic & aerobic fermentation is called?

Answer 29

glycolysis

Question 30

glycolysis takes place in the?

Answer 30

cytoplasm

Question 31

glycolysis occurs in ___ steps

Answer 31

10

Question 32

the ending result of glycolysis is?

Answer 32

2 molecules of pyruvate

Question 33

produce energy of ____ ATP and ____ ____

Answer 33

2 2 NADH

Question 34

the first 5 steps of glycolysis requires?
for why?
this means the first 5 steps are _____ ______

Answer 34

ATP, to get it started, energy consuming

Question 35

glycolysis steps 6-10 are ____ ____ meaning these steps ____ ____ (____ _____ ____) & #___ ____ so yeilds in total #__ __ & #___ ___

Answer 35

energy yielding
produce NADH (reduce electron carriers)
4ATP and 2NADH

Question 36

phosphorylation means?
this means?

Answer 36

movement of phosphate groups
a phosphate group has been added to another chemical

Question 37

what are energy inputs and outputs of glycolysis? (carbon & energy)

Answer 37

(carbon containing input) - 1 glucose molecule & 6 carbon
(carbon containing output) - 2 pyruvate & 3 carbons
(energy input) - 2 ATP & 2 NAD+
(energy output) - 4 ATP & 2NADH