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BIO EXAM#3 > 1. Energy & Energy Transformations > Flashcards

1. Energy & Energy Transformations Flashcards

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1
Q

definition of law of thermodynamics

A

all matter , all energy are subjects of thermodynamics

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2
Q

law of thermodynamics helps us understand…

A

how cells use energy by harvesting from large molecules to make their own to sustain life

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3
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics and what is the BUT…

A

that in any chemical transformation energy is neither created nor destroyed BUT it can be transformed from one type to another

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4
Q

energy is defined as…

A

the capacity to do work/ movement

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5
Q

the 2 forms of energy is…

A

potential and kinetic energy

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6
Q

potential energy is…

A

stored energy in chemical bonds, sugar molecules, or carbon carbon bonds

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7
Q

“___” kinetic energy and its definition

A

“harvesting” , movement of substances, parts of molecules, etc.

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8
Q

an ex of potential to kinetic energy is a ___ , explain…

A

frog, first position of the frog is potential energy stored in the frog’s muscles so energy isn’t being used then frog jumps then potential every is converted to kinetic energy (movement)

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9
Q

metabolism definiton

A

sum total of all chemical reactions that happens inside living things

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10
Q

what do metabolic reactions do? (give an ex) this means metabolism reactions require what?

A

it transforms matter from one form to another,, an example of this would be either adding positive functional group or adding a negative functional group,, this means metabolism reactions require energy changes

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11
Q

are there different types of metabolism? if so how many & what are they called?

A

yes! 2! anabolic and catabolic

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12
Q

definition of anabolic reactions and give an example

A

simple molecules to complex molecules [small to larger] an ex would be small/simple molecules like amino acids go through anabolism are built together to into a complex/large molecule called proteins

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13
Q

definition of catabolic reactions & give an example

A

large/complex molecules break down into simple/small molecules an example of this would be proteins broken down into amino acids

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14
Q

energy is ____ in anabolic reactions

A

required

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15
Q

energy is ____ in catabolic reactions

A

released

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16
Q

when catabolic reactions occur what happens? & what does that energy do?

A

energy is released & that energy is used to drive anabolic reactions to do biological work

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17
Q

anabolism ____ happen without catabolism

A

cannot

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18
Q

what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics ( usually in the form of ____ or ____ )

A

even though energy is the same some of the energy is lost due to disorder (heat or light)

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19
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics energy is ____ 100% efficient because energy is ____ meaning living organisms have to do what?

A

not , lost , must have a constant intake of energy to replenish the energy that is lost to sustain life

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20
Q

entropy (s) means… (so a living thing tends to be ___ & ___ on the other hand non living things are ___ & ____)

A

disorder in a system characteristic in the universe (large & complex / small & simple)

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21
Q

REPEAT THIS IT IS A NOTECARD ….
EXPLAIN!!!
apply the second law of thermodynamics to biological systems…

A

in a chemical transformation some energy is transformed to unsafe energy so only some of that energy can be used to do cellular work meaning there needs to be a constant intake of energy for the living things to continue living

22
Q

___ energy is applied to the system it will become ___

A

unless , disorder

23
Q

enthalpy (H) means what in biological systems?

A

the total energy contained in the system

24
Q

free energy (G) means what in biological systems?

A

the USABLE energy in the system

25
Q

entropy (S) depends on what?

A

the absolute temperature of the system

26
Q

what does entropy (S) mean in a biological system?

A

the UNUSABLE energy

27
Q

what does H=G + TS mean?

A

total energy + usable energy + UNUSABLE energy(temp)

28
Q

triangleG stands for? which means?

A

delta, change

29
Q

if triangleG is negative or released it means energy was ….

A

lost/released

30
Q

if triangleG is positive that chemical reaction requires… for the chemical reaction to…

A

an input of energy in order for it to occur

31
Q

so if free energy is not available that means the reaction…

A

can not occur

32
Q

exergonic means?

A

energy is being RELEASED outside of the system

33
Q

triangleG is ____ in an exergonic reaction

A

negative

34
Q

in an exergonic reaction complexity ___ so disorder is being ___

A

decreases , generated

35
Q

so exergonic reactions are ____ reactions

A

catabolic

36
Q

endergonic reactions require ___ meaning triangleG is ___

A

energy, positive

37
Q

exergonic reactions have ___ energy in the ___ & ___ energy in the ___

A

high = reactants & low = products

38
Q

endergonic reactions have ___ energy in ___ & ___ energy in the ___

A

low = reactants & high = products

39
Q

endergonic reactions require ___ ___ to create more energy in products than in the ___

A

outside energy , reactants

40
Q

REPEAT THIS IS A NOTECARD!!!
differentiate between exergonic & endergonic reactions.

A

endergonic reactions require energy input as for exergonic reactions release energy

41
Q

___ captures and transfers free energy(G)

A

ATP

42
Q

ATP stands for

A

adenosine triphosphate

43
Q

ATP is great at…. (so this makes it a “___” between endergonic and exergonic reactions)

A

capturing energy from exergonic reactions, storing it, and transferring the energy to other chemical transformations that need it (bridge)

44
Q

ATP can be ____ to ____ & _, releasing a lot of ___ for ___ reactions

A

hydrolyzed, ADP & P, energy for endergonic

45
Q

ATP can ALSO _____ (donating/ transferring a ___ group) to other molecules.

A

phosphorylate (phosphate)

46
Q

what does hydrolysis mean?

A

one of the phosphates is being broke off to release a lot of energy that can be used for endergonic reactions

47
Q

how ATP releases energy is by being ___ through ___

A

hydrolyzed through hydrolysis

48
Q

but ATP can also be ____ that phosphate group

A

donate/transfer

49
Q

remember ATP is a ___ which is ?

A

nucleotide , a pentose SUGAR, NITROGEN (adenine) BASE & a PHOSPHATE GROUP

50
Q

WRITE THIS DOWN IT IS A NOTECARD
REPEAT
explain the characteristics of ATP that account for the high free energy released during its hydrolysis (FUN FACT: this process happens ___ cycles every day)

A

it takes a lot of energy to bond the phosphate group with oxygen so when phosphate group is broken off so much energy is being released meaning the free energy in the phosphate-oxygen bond is much higher than the oxygen-hydrogen bond (when phosphate breaks off) that forms other bonds

(10,000)

BIO EXAM#3 (5 decks)

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