1. Energy & Energy Transformations Flashcards
definition of law of thermodynamics
all matter , all energy are subjects of thermodynamics
law of thermodynamics helps us understand…
how cells use energy by harvesting from large molecules to make their own to sustain life
what is the first law of thermodynamics and what is the BUT…
that in any chemical transformation energy is neither created nor destroyed BUT it can be transformed from one type to another
energy is defined as…
the capacity to do work/ movement
the 2 forms of energy is…
potential and kinetic energy
potential energy is…
stored energy in chemical bonds, sugar molecules, or carbon carbon bonds
“___” kinetic energy and its definition
“harvesting” , movement of substances, parts of molecules, etc.
an ex of potential to kinetic energy is a ___ , explain…
frog, first position of the frog is potential energy stored in the frog’s muscles so energy isn’t being used then frog jumps then potential every is converted to kinetic energy (movement)
metabolism definiton
sum total of all chemical reactions that happens inside living things
what do metabolic reactions do? (give an ex) this means metabolism reactions require what?
it transforms matter from one form to another,, an example of this would be either adding positive functional group or adding a negative functional group,, this means metabolism reactions require energy changes
are there different types of metabolism? if so how many & what are they called?
yes! 2! anabolic and catabolic
definition of anabolic reactions and give an example
simple molecules to complex molecules [small to larger] an ex would be small/simple molecules like amino acids go through anabolism are built together to into a complex/large molecule called proteins
definition of catabolic reactions & give an example
large/complex molecules break down into simple/small molecules an example of this would be proteins broken down into amino acids
energy is ____ in anabolic reactions
required
energy is ____ in catabolic reactions
released
when catabolic reactions occur what happens? & what does that energy do?
energy is released & that energy is used to drive anabolic reactions to do biological work
anabolism ____ happen without catabolism
cannot
what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics ( usually in the form of ____ or ____ )
even though energy is the same some of the energy is lost due to disorder (heat or light)
2nd law of thermodynamics energy is ____ 100% efficient because energy is ____ meaning living organisms have to do what?
not , lost , must have a constant intake of energy to replenish the energy that is lost to sustain life
entropy (s) means… (so a living thing tends to be ___ & ___ on the other hand non living things are ___ & ____)
disorder in a system characteristic in the universe (large & complex / small & simple)
REPEAT THIS IT IS A NOTECARD ….
EXPLAIN!!!
apply the second law of thermodynamics to biological systems…
in a chemical transformation some energy is transformed to unsafe energy so only some of that energy can be used to do cellular work meaning there needs to be a constant intake of energy for the living things to continue living
___ energy is applied to the system it will become ___
unless , disorder
enthalpy (H) means what in biological systems?
the total energy contained in the system
free energy (G) means what in biological systems?
the USABLE energy in the system
entropy (S) depends on what?
the absolute temperature of the system
what does entropy (S) mean in a biological system?
the UNUSABLE energy
what does H=G + TS mean?
total energy + usable energy + UNUSABLE energy(temp)
triangleG stands for? which means?
delta, change
if triangleG is negative or released it means energy was ….
lost/released
if triangleG is positive that chemical reaction requires… for the chemical reaction to…
an input of energy in order for it to occur
so if free energy is not available that means the reaction…
can not occur
exergonic means?
energy is being RELEASED outside of the system
triangleG is ____ in an exergonic reaction
negative
in an exergonic reaction complexity ___ so disorder is being ___
decreases , generated
so exergonic reactions are ____ reactions
catabolic
endergonic reactions require ___ meaning triangleG is ___
energy, positive
exergonic reactions have ___ energy in the ___ & ___ energy in the ___
high = reactants & low = products
endergonic reactions have ___ energy in ___ & ___ energy in the ___
low = reactants & high = products
endergonic reactions require ___ ___ to create more energy in products than in the ___
outside energy , reactants
REPEAT THIS IS A NOTECARD!!!
differentiate between exergonic & endergonic reactions.
endergonic reactions require energy input as for exergonic reactions release energy
___ captures and transfers free energy(G)
ATP
ATP stands for
adenosine triphosphate
ATP is great at…. (so this makes it a “___” between endergonic and exergonic reactions)
capturing energy from exergonic reactions, storing it, and transferring the energy to other chemical transformations that need it (bridge)
ATP can be ____ to ____ & _, releasing a lot of ___ for ___ reactions
hydrolyzed, ADP & P, energy for endergonic
ATP can ALSO _____ (donating/ transferring a ___ group) to other molecules.
phosphorylate (phosphate)
what does hydrolysis mean?
one of the phosphates is being broke off to release a lot of energy that can be used for endergonic reactions
how ATP releases energy is by being ___ through ___
hydrolyzed through hydrolysis
but ATP can also be ____ that phosphate group
donate/transfer
remember ATP is a ___ which is ?
nucleotide , a pentose SUGAR, NITROGEN (adenine) BASE & a PHOSPHATE GROUP
WRITE THIS DOWN IT IS A NOTECARD
REPEAT
explain the characteristics of ATP that account for the high free energy released during its hydrolysis (FUN FACT: this process happens ___ cycles every day)
it takes a lot of energy to bond the phosphate group with oxygen so when phosphate group is broken off so much energy is being released meaning the free energy in the phosphate-oxygen bond is much higher than the oxygen-hydrogen bond (when phosphate breaks off) that forms other bonds
(10,000)
