2. Enzymes Flashcards
metabolic pathways are so ___ that we use ___ ___ to analyze these metabolic pathways
complex, computer algorithms
___ ___ is the study of complex systems [in this case metabolisms]
systems biology
___ help organize & regulate these metabolic pathways
enzymes
enzymes are ___ made of ___ ___ that act like a ___/___ in which chemical reactions can occur
catalyst, amino acids , framework/area
catalyst ___/___ rates of chemical reactions/ transformation
increase/ speed up
the enzymes (catalyst) does? or does not? change.
DOES NOT
why do we need chemical reactions to speed up?
a lot of reactions are SLOW
the energy of movement or input of energy is called? include symbol
activation energy (Ea)
activation energy puts reactants (things coming into the enzyme) into what is called?
transition state
the transition state is ___ ___ so in a ____ state
highly reactive , unstable
exergonic ___ energy so ____ energy in products than in reactants so this energy released would be captured by a ____ reaction
releases, less/low, endergonic
activation energy changes the reactants to an ___ , ___ energy form because energy has been added to it called a ___ ___ ___
unstable / high , transition state intermediate
activation energy can come from ___ ___ & ___ ___ ___/___ there by ___ activation energy
increase temperatures & bring reactants , closer/together , lowering
enzymes are __ so they are ___ of ___ ____ that have a ___. ___ ____ which is ____ ____ + ____ _____ ____ then R groups that interact with ____ ___
proteins , chains, amino acids , backbone.
primary sequence , alpha helix, beat pleated sheets, one another
____ are whatever that bind to the enzymes & are involved in chemical reactions [they are reactant]
substrates
enzyme & substrate will come together & the substrate will fit into the enzymes “nook”, which is called?
active site
the ___ ___ is where the chemical reaction will occur
active site
once the chemical reaction is complete is release the ___ so it is broken apart so it would be anabolism or catabolism?
products , catabolism
enzymes are highly ___
specific
when the enzyme & substrate are bound it is called ___-____ ____ (_____)
enzymes - substrates complex (ES)
the substrates is held into the active site of the enzyme by ____ , ____ , _____ (3)
hydrogen bonds, electrical attraction, covalent bonds
enzymes ____ the activation energy
lower
even though a catalyst is put into a reaction the final equilibrium are delta G does changes… true or false (explain)
False , the reaction just happens faster
REVIEW THIS IT IS A NOTECARD!!!
GIVE EXAMPLES OF MECHANISMS FOR ENZYME CATALYSIS (ALL THESE MECHANISMS WILL LOWER WHAT? AND THEYBY DOING WHAT?) [3]
orientation: the enzyme bind 2 molecules in the right orientation to speed up the chemical reaction
physical strain: the bending of the molecule can change the shape of the molecule
temporarily adding chemical groups: substrate would come into the active site of the enzyme with a chemical group added to it (+) or (-) lower activation energy/speed up chemical reaction
the shape changing of the enzyme when substrate is bound is called
induced fit
the rate of which a chemical reaction occurs/depends on?
substrate concentration
the concentration of a enzyme inside a cell is much ___ than substrate concentration which means? and what is it called?
lower , all enzymes are already working fast , saturation
us(living things) rely on homeostasis so thing need to be kept stable in order for what?
life to continue
metabolic pathways need to be ___ meaning they need to be?
regulated . turned off or on
IMPORTANT
So metabolic pathways are regulated can be controlled in how many ways? and why are they called?
2 ways
1st way is regulation of gene expression…so DNA to mRNA to proteins this increases DNA into mRNA to build more enzymes or turn off DNA so not much enzymes are reproduced
2nd way is regulation of enzyme activity… so once enzymes are built you can change the shape of it, block the active site with regulators
enzyme inhibitors bind to enzymes to ___ ___ the reaction rate sort of like “____ ____”
slow down , “turning off”
NOTECARD SO REPEAT THIS
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF INHIBITORS
(1 EXAMPLE)
1st is irreversible inhibition: this cannot be reversed…
a inhibitor would covalently bond to the R groups or side chains of amino acids in the active site
NOTECARD SO REPEAT THIS
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF INHIBITORS (2 EXAMPLE) how many types? list if any
Reversible inhibitors: some sort of bond between inhibitor and active site of the enzyme but can then leave so not covalently bonded (non covalent bonds)
- there are 3 types they are competitive, uncompetitive, and non competitive
competitive inhibitor: if competitive inhibitor is introduced it will bind to the active cite but this won’t affect the enzyme so its basically like a plug blocking the active site of the enzyme so nothing else come sent so the competitive inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site
uncompetitive inhibitor: normal substrate in active site but uncompetitive inhibitor binds to enzyme nearby blocking the released products and blocking entry for new chemicals acts like a “cap on something”
non competitive inhibitors: bind to a site different from active site so it will change the shape of active site/enzyme so the chemical reaction cannot occur
what is allosteric regulation? NOTECARD
is a non competitive inhibitor where the shape of the enzyme is changed because it binds to a non substrate molecule
changed enzyme means….NOTECARD
changed function
are there forms of allosteric regulation if so how many and what are they called & do? NOTECARD
2, active & inactive
active form: will allow it to bind to a substrate
inactive form: cannot bind substrate this is a on and off switch
1st step in metabolic pathways is called?
commitment step
NOTECARD 3RD TYPE OF INHIBITOR
feedback inhibition: the final product of a metabolic pathway works as an inhibitor for an enzyme at the early step of the pathway
what is feedback inhibition
the final product of one of the long pathways works as in inhibitor for its enzyme at the early step of the pathway
every enzyme has a specific ____
too hot results in?
too cold results in?
temperature
can’t do anything
molecules are so slow
what effects how fast enzymes work? & explain
the amount of substrate because if there is more stuff for the enzyme to work on it will happen faster BUT put a point… after that the enzyme gets SATURATED and can’t go any faster
REGULATION BY TEMPERATURE
enzymes work best at the ____ temperature
if its too hot …
& if its too cold..
it works best at the RIGHT temperature
if its too hot it denatures :(
& if it is too cold it slows down and become sluggish
