3 MICROBIAL YOU Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most abundant element in the atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen

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2
Q

What role do bacteria play in nitrogen conversion?

A

They convert nitrogen into useful forms like ammonia.

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3
Q

What percentage of calories do microbes provide to humans?

A

About 10 percent

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4
Q

How many digestive enzymes do humans produce compared to bacteria?

A

Humans produce twenty; bacteria produce ten thousand.

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5
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

The process by which bacteria swap genes among themselves.

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6
Q

How quickly can E. coli reproduce?

A

Seventy-two times in a day.

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7
Q

What is the estimated weight of microbes in a human body?

A

About three pounds.

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8
Q

True or False: Each human has ten times more bacterial cells than human cells.

A

False

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9
Q

What is the approximate number of bacterial cells in a human body?

A

Between thirty and fifty trillion.

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10
Q

What term describes benign microbes living inside us?

A

Commensals

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11
Q

What is the total number of microbes known to cause disease in humans?

A

1,415

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12
Q

What are archaea?

A

A separate branch of life that causes no known diseases in humans.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: A virus is a piece of bad news wrapped up in a _______.

A

[protein]

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14
Q

What is the size comparison between viruses and bacteria?

A

Viruses are much smaller than bacteria.

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15
Q

Who is credited with coining the term ‘virus’?

A

Martinus Beijerinck

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16
Q

How many species of viruses are known to infect mammals?

A

586

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17
Q

What did Lita Proctor discover about viruses in seawater?

A

A quart of seawater contains up to 100 billion viruses.

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18
Q

What is Pithovirus sibericum?

A

A virus discovered in permafrost that can spring into action after thousands of years.

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19
Q

What virus causes chickenpox and can later result in shingles?

A

Varicella-zoster virus

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20
Q

What is the common cold caused by?

A

A family of symptoms generated by multiple viruses.

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21
Q

What is the primary type of virus causing the common cold?

A

Rhinoviruses

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22
Q

What was the purpose of the Common Cold Unit in Britain?

A

Researching the common cold.

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23
Q

How many varieties of rhinoviruses exist?

A

About one hundred.

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24
Q

What was used to simulate the spread of a pathogen in the volunteer study?

A

A dye visible only under ultraviolet light

The study illustrated how germs can spread through social interaction.

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25
Q

How many times does the average adult touch their face in an hour?

A

Sixteen times

Each touch can transfer pathogens to various surfaces.

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26
Q

What was discovered about the transmission of cold germs in a study at the University of Wisconsin?

A

Kissing was found to be almost wholly ineffective in spreading cold germs

Transmission was primarily through physical touch.

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27
Q

Where do microbes thrive in subway trains according to a survey?

A

In the fabrics on seats and on plastic handgrips

Metal poles were found to be a hostile environment for microbes.

28
Q

How long can flu virus survive on paper money if accompanied by nasal mucus?

A

Two and a half weeks

Without nasal mucus, survival is typically only a few hours.

29
Q

What are the two main groups that fungi are divided into?

A

Molds and yeasts

Fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.

30
Q

What is Candida albicans responsible for?

A

Thrush

It can invade deeper parts of the body and cause serious infections.

31
Q

What disease is caused by Cryptococcus gattii?

A

Serious lung and brain infections

This fungus developed virulence in 1999.

32
Q

What is valley fever also known as?

A

Coccidioidomycosis

It primarily occurs in California, Arizona, and Nevada.

33
Q

What are protists?

A

Anything that isn’t obviously plant, animal, or fungus

They include amoebas, parameciums, and diatoms.

34
Q

What notable protist is responsible for malaria?

A

Plasmodium

Other diseases caused by protists include toxoplasmosis and giardiasis.

35
Q

What was the Bradford coccus initially identified as?

A

A new bacterium

It was later recognized as a new type of virus.

36
Q

What did Timothy Rowbotham discover in 1992?

A

A microbe unlike anything previously seen

This discovery changed the field of microbiology.

37
Q

What is mimivirus known for?

A

Being much larger than any previously known virus

It has over a thousand genes.

38
Q

What significant event occurred with the cooling tower related to mimivirus?

A

It was demolished, losing the only known colony of the virus

This occurred in the late 1990s.

39
Q

What did the team led by Jean-Michel Claverie discover in 2013?

A

Pandoravirus, a giant virus with 2,500 genes

This virus contains 90% of genes not found elsewhere in nature.

40
Q

Who was Robert Koch?

A

A German microbiologist who reported cholera was caused by a bacillus

His findings contributed to the germ theory of disease.

41
Q

What was Salvarsan used to treat?

A

Syphilis

It had many drawbacks, including toxicity.

42
Q

What did Alexander Fleming discover in 1928?

A

Penicillin

This discovery was accidental, stemming from mold contamination.

43
Q

What is the significance of penicillin in medicine?

A

It was the first true antibiotic that effectively treated bacterial infections

It revolutionized the treatment of infectious diseases.

44
Q

What challenge did Howard Florey face while producing penicillin?

A

It was very hard to produce in clinically useful quantities

Significant resources were needed to extract it from mold.

45
Q

What tragic event occurred during the trial of penicillin on Albert Alexander?

A

He relapsed and died due to a shortage of penicillin

His case illustrated the vulnerability of humans to infections before antibiotics.

46
Q

What was the initial effect of penicillin on Alexander?

A

Miraculous; he was sitting up and looking almost back to normal within two days.

This highlights the initial effectiveness of penicillin in treating infections.

47
Q

What happened to Alexander after the supplies of penicillin were exhausted?

A

He relapsed and died.

This illustrates the critical importance of consistent antibiotic supply for effective treatment.

48
Q

Where did the quest to produce bulk penicillin move during World War II?

A

U.S. government research facility in Peoria, Illinois.

This shift was necessary due to Britain’s preoccupation with the war.

49
Q

Who discovered the potent mold that led to the mass production of penicillin?

A

Mary Hunt.

She brought in a cantaloupe with a mold that was two hundred times more potent than previously tested molds.

50
Q

What was the outcome of American pharmaceutical companies after the discovery of the potent mold?

A

They produced 100 billion units of penicillin a month within a year.

This rapid production marked a significant advancement in antibiotic availability.

51
Q

How many honors did Alexander Fleming receive for his contributions?

A

189 honors of all types from around the world.

This includes his Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine shared with Ernst Chain and Howard Florey.

52
Q

What caution did Fleming express during his Nobel acceptance speech?

A

Microbes could easily evolve resistance to antibiotics if carelessly used.

This warning has proven to be prescient in light of current antibiotic resistance issues.

53
Q

What is the elemental weakness of penicillin?

A

It can stimulate the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Antibiotics are broad-spectrum and can wipe out both harmful and beneficial microbes.

54
Q

How many courses of antibiotics do most people in the Western world receive by adulthood?

A

Between five and twenty courses.

This cumulative effect raises concerns about microbial resistance.

55
Q

What severe condition did Michael Kinch’s son develop?

A

A ruptured appendix and subsequent peritonitis.

This case highlights the serious consequences of antibiotic-resistant infections.

56
Q

What alarming discovery was made regarding Kinch’s son, despite his limited antibiotic history?

A

He had gut bacteria that were resistant to antibiotics.

This indicates that resistance can develop even in individuals with minimal antibiotic exposure.

57
Q

What is the trend in new antibiotic introductions since the 1990s?

A

Roughly one new antibiotic every other year.

This is a significant decline compared to the three introduced annually from the 1950s to the 1990s.

58
Q

What percentage of antibiotic prescriptions in the U.S. are for conditions that cannot be cured with antibiotics?

A

Almost three-quarters.

This misuse contributes to the rise of antibiotic resistance.

59
Q

What is the fate of the typical case of pneumococcal pneumonia treatment from 1945 to today?

A

It now requires more than twenty million units of penicillin per day due to resistance.

This demonstrates the increasing challenge of treating bacterial infections.

60
Q

What is MRSA?

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

MRSA is a drug-resistant strain that evolved shortly after the introduction of methicillin.

61
Q

What is the annual death toll attributed to MRSA and its cousins?

A

Estimated 700,000 people worldwide.

This underscores the severity of antibiotic resistance as a global health crisis.

62
Q

What is the projected impact of antimicrobial resistance by 2050?

A

Forecast to lead to ten million preventable deaths a year.

This projection emphasizes the urgent need for action against antibiotic resistance.

63
Q

What are quorum-sensing drugs designed to do?

A

Keep bacterial populations below the threshold that triggers an attack.

This approach aims to disrupt bacterial communication without killing them.

64
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

Viruses that target specific bacteria.

They offer a potential alternative to antibiotics, making it harder for bacteria to evolve resistance.

65
Q

What is the current state of the antibiotics crisis according to Kinch?

A

It is not a looming crisis; it is a current crisis.

This reflects the urgent reality of antibiotic resistance as demonstrated by personal experiences.

66
Q

What was the initial purpose of antibiotics in agriculture?

A

To fatten farm animals.

This agricultural use of antibiotics has contributed to human exposure and resistance.