3: Lungs

Question 1

Development of the lungs begin

Answer 1

4 weeks after fertilization

Question 2

What is the lung bud that forms during embryonic development

Answer 2

Respiratory diverticulum

Question 3

What does the respiratory diverticulum give rise to

Answer 3

Trachea which will bud develop primary bronchus and secondary bronchial buds

Question 4

Lungs are contained within separate

Answer 4

pleural sacs

Question 5

Lungs are separated by

Answer 5

Heart, middle mediastinum

Question 6

Why are lungs elastic

Answer 6

Due to the elastic fibers in alveoli, and so they can recoil to about 1/3 their uninflated size when the thoracic cavity is opened

Question 7

Lungs are suspended from the mediastinum by the

Answer 7

Lung root

Question 8

The apex of the lungs projects through the

Answer 8

Superior thoracic aperature - lower neck wounds need to be weary of lung puncture or damage

Question 9

How many lobes of right and left lungs

Answer 9

Right = 3
Left = 2

Question 10

What are the lobes of each lung separated by.

Answer 10

Left: oblique fissure
Right: S/M horizontal fissure, M/I oblique fissue

Question 11

What are the unique features of the left lung

Answer 11

Cardiac notch for the heart

Lingula analogous to the middle lobe of right lung

Question 12

Which lung is larger and heavier

Answer 12

Right lung

Question 13

Which lung is shorter and wider

Answer 13

Right lung

Question 14

What is the root of the lung

Answer 14

The structure contained in the pulmonary sleeve entering the hilum of the lung.

Essentially structure on their way to the lung but haven’t touched lung tisssue

Question 15

What is the hilum of the lung

Answer 15

“Doorway”, are where structured forming the root actually touch lung tissue

Question 16

What is the pulmonary ligament

Answer 16

Where mediastinal pleura passes to the visceral surface of the lung

Question 17

What structures are found in the hilum and their location

Answer 17

1. Pulmonary arteries - superior
2. Main/primary bronchi - posterior
3. Pulmonary veins - 1 anterior, 1 inferior

Question 18

How can the right hilum differ from general observances

Answer 18

Bronchus to the superior lobe might be the most superior

Question 19

Structure that come in contact and leave impressions on the surface of RIGHT lung

Answer 19

1. Azygous
2. Right brachiocephalic
3. Superior vena cava
4. Esophagus
5. Heart of cardiac impression

Question 20

Structure that come in contact and leave impressions on the surface of LEFT lung

Answer 20

1. Esophagus
2. thoracic aorta
3. Left subclavian artery
4. Heart

Question 21

Trachea and bronchi are support by

Answer 21

C shaped hyaline cartilage rings

Question 22

Trachea bifurcate into

Answer 22

Primary bronchi

Question 23

What is carina

Answer 23

Internal ridge of trachea becoming primary bronchi. Located in the Sagittal plane

Question 24

Describe bronchial tree

Answer 24

Main.primary bronchi
Lobar.secondary bronchi
Segmental.tertiary bronchi

Question 25

Difference between right and left main bronchi

Answer 25

Right is wider and more vertical | Left is more horizontal and more narrow and longer

Question 26

How many secondary/lobar bronchi in each lung

Answer 26

Right 3, left 2

Question 27

Lobar and segmental bronchi are supported by

Answer 27

Crescent shaped cartilage

Question 28

Primary bronchi are lined by Respiratory epithelial

Answer 28

Pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells

Question 29

Patient aspirates plaque most likely to end up where and cause what

Answer 29

Upper right lobe, can cause pneumonia bc its inflammation of the airways, plaque is bacteria

Question 30

What is the bronchopulmonary segment

Answer 30

The anatomical, functional, and surgical unit (subdivision) of the lungs

Question 31

What can the bronchopulmonary segment limit

Answer 31

Spread of infection

Question 32

Bronchopulmonary segment is drained by

Answer 32

Intersegmental pulmonary veins

Question 33

Clinical significance of bronchopulmonary segments

Answer 33

Can resect segment with disrupting surround tissues. Can take out infection with out affecting the entire lung

Question 34

What is the primary site of gas exchange

Answer 34

Alveoli

Question 35

Gas exchange occurs between

Answer 35

Alveoli and blood in the capillaries

Question 36

How does gas exchange exactly occur

Answer 36

Oxygen diffused across the alveolar wall and enters the blood stream, while carbon dioxide diffuse from the blood across the alveolar wall to enter the alveoli

Question 37

Vasculature of then lungs: pulmonary arteries run

Answer 37

Parallel to bronchi, on the anterior side

Question 38

Vasculature of then lungs: pulmonary veins run

Answer 38

Interdependent courses from arteries and bronchi

Question 39

Vasculature of then lungs: bronchial arteries supply

Answer 39

Structures of the root, supporting tissues of the lungs, and visceral pleura

Question 40

How many left bronchial arteries and arise directly from

Answer 40

Two, thoracic aorta

Question 41

How many right bronchial arteries and arise directly from

Answer 41

One, arise from 1. posterior intercostal artery 2. Left bronchial artery 3. Aorta

Question 42

The upper esophogus is supplied by

Answer 42

Bronchial arteries following along the posterior aspects of main bronchi

Question 43

Bronchial arteries anastomoses with

Answer 43

Pulmonary veins

Question 44

Right bronchial vein drains into

Answer 44

Azygos vein

Question 45

Left bronchial vein drains in to

Answer 45

Accessory hemiazygos vein

Question 46

The nerves of the lungs are derived from the

Answer 46

Anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses

Question 47

Nerves in the lungs follow

Answer 47

Bronchi, and blood vessels into the lungs

Question 48

Types of innervation in the lungs

Answer 48

1. Parasympathetic 2. Sympathetic 3. Visceral afferent (sensory)

Question 49

Parasympathetic innervation of the lungs is derived from

Answer 49

Vagus nerve

Question 50

Parasympathetic innervation of the lungs stimulates

Answer 50

1. Secretions from bronchial gland (asthma) 2. Contraction of bronchial smooth muscle (asthma) 3. Vasodilation of pulmonary vessels (decrease heart rate)

Question 51

Sympathetic innervation of the lungs is what kind of nerves

Answer 51

Thoracic splanchnic nerves

Question 52

Thoracic splanchnic nerves (sympathetic) innervation of the lungs is derived from

Answer 52

The sympathetic trunks

Question 53

Thoracic splanchnic nerves (sympathetic) innervation of the lungs stimulates

Answer 53

1. Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle (treatment for asthma) 2. Vasocontriction of pulmonary vessels (increase heart rate)

Question 54

Visceral afferent/sensory innervation of the lungs conducts

Answer 54

Pain impulse to the sensory ganglion of the vagus nerve

Question 55

Lymph nodes are located

Answer 55

Around bronchi and within connective tissue

Question 56

Lymph nodes pick up

Answer 56

Carbon, dust particles, and pollutants not filtered by the epithelium

Question 57

What is the pathway of lymph drainage

Answer 57

1. Lymph vessels 2. Pulmonary nodes in lung 3. Bronchopulmonary nodes in hilum 4. Tracheaobronchial nodes 5. L/R bronchomediastinal trunk 6. Thoracic duct

Question 58

Significance of lymphatic drainage in regard to lung cancer

Answer 58

If can stop cancer before it reaches bronchopulmonary nodes have better chances of controlling. Once it reaches this point and jump over to the other lung. Further drainage can allow for metastasis through out the body

Question 59

Canalicular stage of lung development

Answer 59

1. Begins at 16 weeks, ends at 24 2. Blood air barrier has formed - have alveoli and capillaries surround them3. Have the capacity for gas exchange 3. Surfactant is produced, hold alveoli open so they don’t collapse Reasons why birth before 24 weeks of development struggle with life

Question 60

What is pneumonia

Answer 60

Infection of alveoli, swelling of alveolar walls

Question 61

Pneumonia reduced capacity

Answer 61

For gas exchange

Question 62

Emphysema is what kind of disease

Answer 62

Smoking disease

Question 63

What is the issues patients have with emphysema

Answer 63

1. Loss of area alveoli) available 2. Have the ability to expand but lost elasticity, 3. Inhale easily, struggle exhaling 4. Barrel chest

Question 64

Lung cancer is the ____ most common malignancy

Answer 64

Second

Question 65

Lung cancer originates in the

Answer 65

Epithelium