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ECU Brain, Language and Aphasia > 3 - Intro to Aphasia > Flashcards

3 - Intro to Aphasia Flashcards

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1
Q

What hemisphere is language dominant in most RIGHT handed adults?

A

Left hemisphere (99%)

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2
Q

What hemisphere is language dominant in most LEFT handed adults?

A

70% Left hemisphere

15% Right hemisphere

15% bilateral

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3
Q

What percentage of the population is right handed?

A

90%

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4
Q

The left hemisphere is language dominant for ___% of all individuals.

A

97%

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5
Q

__________ brains may be more flexible about which hemisphere gets language responsibility.

A

Left-handers

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6
Q

Left-handers who become aphasic seem to have less _________ and _________ regardless of which hemisphere is affected

A

Severe aphasia

Recover better

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7
Q

What are the three parts to language?

A

Form

Content

Use

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8
Q

What is involved in Language Form?

2

A

Grammar

Syntax

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9
Q

What is involved in Language Content?

2

A

Vocabulary

Semantics

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10
Q

What is involved in Language Use?

2

A

Pragmatics

Social communication

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11
Q

What is Aphasia?

What does it affect? (2)

A

Impairment of language

Affects comprehension and production of speech

Affects ability to read and write

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12
Q

What causes Aphasia?

2

A

Pathology affecting the language competent half of the brain

Stroke, head trauma, brain tumors, infections

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13
Q

What is the most common cause of Aphasia?

A

Stroke

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14
Q

Aphasia affects about _________ (or __ in _____) Americans.

A

1 million

1 in 250

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15
Q

How many Americans acquire aphasia every year?

A

More than 200,000

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16
Q

What is Aphasia NOT?

3

A

Slurred speech

Confused language

Pragmatic problem

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17
Q

What is a motor speech disorder?

2

A

Dysarthria

Apraxia

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18
Q

Aphasia is present in ___-___% of individuals during acute stroke

A

21-38%

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19
Q

In right handed individuals, post-stroke aphasia is nearly always the result of __________; only rarely (2-10%) does it follow right hemisphere (__________).

A

Left-hemisphere lesions

Crossed aphasia

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20
Q

Vascular damage to the left hemisphere mostly involves the ___________ and ___________.

A

Perisylvian cortex

Subcortical structures

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21
Q

What is contained in the Subcortical Structures?

Where does their blood supply come from?

A

Basal ganglia

Internal capsule

Middle Cerebral Artery

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22
Q

Ischemic infarctions account for approximately ___% of cases

A

80%

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23
Q

Changes in brain activity can occur both _______ and ________ to the
lesion

A

Ipsilateral

Contralateral

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24
Q

Since the brain is capable of employing different compensatory mechanisms to promote recovery, patterns of cerebral activity __________________.

A

May be different from patient to patient

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25
Q 
Some pathophysiology strategies are automatically generated, allowing improvement in
function in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ post-stroke.
A

Weeks-months

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26
Q

Compensatory mechanisms in cases showing incomplete recovery are ignited in the long term either _______ or in ____________.

A

Spontaneously

Response to SLP treatments

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27
Q

Possible mechanism of recovery is the ___________ in the area of ischemic penumbra.

A

Restitution of cerebral blood flow and oxygen

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28
Q

What is an ischemic penumbra?

A

Viable neural tissue surrounding the infarction which may recover or die

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29
Q

What is Neuro Plasticity?

A

The ability to reassign brain region functions when the brain tissue is damaged

30
Q

Whose brain contains more plasticity: children or adults?

A

Children

31
Q

What four areas of impairment are seen in Aphasia?

A

Speech fluency

Paraphasia

Repetition

Language Comprehension

32
Q

What is the Perisylvian Regio?

A

Area of the brain encompassing Broca’s, Wernicke’s, Auditory Cortex, and the Angular Gyrus

33
Q

What is the neural pathway for Spontaneous Speech?

4

A

Wernicke’s Area –>

Arcuate Fasiculus ->

Broca’s –>

Primary Motor Cortex

34
Q

What is the neural pathway for Repetition?

6

A

Auditory Cortex –>

Wernicke’s Area –>

Arcuate fasiculus –>

Broca’s Area –>

Primary Motor Cortex –>

[Wernicke’s
Area (monitoring)]

35
Q

What is the neural pathway for Oral Reading?

6

A

Visual Cortex –>

Angular Gyrus ->

Wernicke’s Area –>

Arcuate fasiculus –>

Broca’s Area –>

Primary Motor Cortex

36
Q

What is the neural pathway for Comprehension of Speech?

3

A

Ears ->

Auditory Cortex –>

Wernicke’s Area

37
Q

What is the neural pathway for Reading Comprehension?

3

A

Eyes –>

Visual Cortex –>

Wernicke’s Area

38
Q

What is the neural pathway for Writing?

5

A

Wernicke’s Area –>

Arcuate fasiculus –>

Premotor Cortex –>

Arm

[Eyes and Wernicke’s Area (monitoring)]

39
Q

What is the neural pathway for Gestural Responses to Spoken Commands?

A

Same as speech except sent to Premotor Area contralateral to arm rather than Broca’s Area

40
Q

What area of the cortex is affected in NON-Fluent Aphasia?

A

Anterior

41
Q

What area of the cortex is affected in Fluent Aphasia?

A

Posterior

42
Q

What are the prosodic/melodic characteristics seen in NON-Fluent Aphasia?

(4)

A

Speaking slowly, haltingly and with great effort

Pausing between syllables and words

Machine-like quality to speech

Diminished or absent intonation and emphatic stress patterns

43
Q

What are the prosodic/melodic characteristics seen in Fluent Aphasia?

(2)

A

Smooth and
effortless speech

Speech rate, intonation, and emphatic stress similar to normal speakers

44
Q

Are normal/near normal speech rates a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?

A

Fluent Aphasia

45
Q

Is slow, labored speech a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?

A

Non-Fluent Aphasia

46
Q

Is the use of a variety of grammatical constructions a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?

A

Fluent Aphasia

47
Q

Are restricted grammatical constructions a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?

A

Non-Fluent Aphasia

48
Q

Are present and usually appropriate intonation patterns a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?

A

Fluent Aphasia

49
Q

Is reduced or absent intonation a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?

A

Non-Fluent Aphasia

50
Q

Are present function words a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?

A

Fluent Aphasia

51
Q

Are omitted function words a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?

A

Non-Fluent Aphasia

52
Q

Is appropriate syntax a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?

A

Fluent Aphasia

53
Q

Is relying on a lot on nouns a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?

A

Non-Fluent Aphasia

54
Q

Is using more than 5-6 words per breath group a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?

A

Fluent Aphasia

55
Q

Is using 3-4 words per breath group a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?

A

Non-Fluent Aphasia

56
Q

Is paragrammatism a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?

A

Fluent Aphasia

57
Q

Is agrammatism a symptom of Fluent or Non-Fluent Aphasia?

A

Non-Fluent Aphasia

58
Q

What is Paragrammatism?

2

A

“Word salad”

“Grammatically incorrect sentences

59
Q

What types of aphasia are NON-fluent?

2

A

Broca’s

Global

60
Q

What types of aphasia are Fluent?

5

A

Wernicke’s

Conduction

Anomic

Transcortical Motor (can be fluent but sparse)

Transcortical Sensory

61
Q

What is Paraphasia?

A

Word substitution errors produced by individuals with aphasia

62
Q

What are the two types of paraphasia?

A

Literal (phonemic)

Semantic (verbal)

63
Q

What is Literal Paraphasia?

A

(Phonemic)

Phonologic errors in which incorrect sounds replace correct sounds

(“table” -> “trable” or “fable”)

64
Q

What is Semantic Paraphasia?

A

(Verbal)

Incorrect word is substituted for the target word (usually semantically related)

(“table” -> “chair”; “hospital” -> “jail”)

65
Q

What is Agrammatism?

2

A

Telegraphic speech

Grammar disturbances in labored non-fluent aphasia

66
Q

What is Anomia?

A

Broad term for the difficulty finding words

67
Q

What is Circumlocution?

A

Talking around or about the word that cannot be recalled

i.e., watch = “I wear it right here” while pointing to his wrist

68
Q

What is the most

consistent aphasia feature?

A

Anomia

69
Q

What is Localization of Function?

A

Damage to specific areas of the brain creates specific patterns of impairment

70
Q

What are the limitation so Localization Models?

2

A

Damage localized to Broca’s area or Wernike’s area does not produce aphasia

Aphasia can be caused by damage to subcortical structures and association fibers

71
Q

What do Anti-Localizationist believe?

What is this model called?

A

The brain operates as an integrated whole

The Connectionist Model

72
Q

Who were some early Anti-Localizationists?

4

A

Marie Jean-Pierre (1830’s)

John Huglings Jackson (1860’s)

Pierre Marie (early 1900’s)

Henry Head (1920’s)

ECU Brain, Language and Aphasia (11 decks)

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