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Gs3 > 3. Infrastructure > Flashcards

3. Infrastructure Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of logistics sector for india

A
  1. Government
    -EoDB- more investment - more taxes
    - more job creation
  2. Economy
    - prerequisite for growth and development
    - integration with global supply chain
    - export competitiveness
  3. Producer / supplier
    - expand market — more profit
    - forward and backward linkages - less cost of prodn
    - agriculture - remunerative
  4. Public
    - connectivity
    - reduced cost
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2
Q

Why logistics cost so high in india

A

Niti ayog - strategy for india @75
1. Poor infra, connectivity
2. Accessing finance
3. Poor warehousing, Unmechanised facilities
4. No level playing field of public and pvt
5 . Border complaince and document processing activities

Cultural aspect - mihir sharma in his book RESTART - city planning not done in big scale in India - indians accustomed to shortage and delays and looks down on anything that feels excessive or superfluity

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3
Q

National logistics policy 2022

A

Aims
- reduce logistics cost to 8-9%
- improve efficiency and thereby ranking of LPI

NLP
1. Integration of digital system ( IDS) - integrate data from several departments to smooth cargo movement
2. Unified logistics interface platform ( ULIP)- display all modes of transport available to facilitate cargo movement
3. ELOG - simplify rules for logistics business
4. System improvement group - regularly monitor all logistics projects and remove bottlenecks in a time bound manner
5. Focus on skilling and employment generation
6. E- handbook - to standardise warehouses of physical assets
7. Spel- sectoral plan for efficient logistics in line with pm gati Shakti to ensure interoperability and innovation in sectors

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4
Q

Importance of shipbuilding industry

A
  1. Naval capability - ex: Indigenous aircraft carriers
  2. Devp of heavy engg ( mother industry ) - coordination of steel, electronic equipment’s etc
  3. Boost to ancillary industry — INS Vikrant employed 500 msme and 12000 employees from ancillary industries
  4. Strengthen supply chain - containers and ships controlled by few
  5. Employment generation - multiplier of 6.4
  6. Reduce freight bills and forex out go

Strengthen ANB and India’s strategic autonomy

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5
Q

Challenges to build a shipbuilding industry in india

A
  1. Capital intensive and requires huge investment
  2. Long gestational period - tied up costs ex: ins Vikrant took 13 years to complete
  3. As of now india lags behind its global counterparts- high cost and tech deficit
  4. Overall capacity and infrastructure deficiency related to Indian shipyards and ports
  5. Skill gaps
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6
Q

Steps taken by min of shipping to promote ship building in india

A
  1. Infrastructure status
  2. Right of first refusal to Indian shipyards
  3. Shipbuilding financial assistance policy 2016- 2026
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7
Q

Issues with India’s ports

A

NITI AYOG - STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @75

  1. Inadequate depth to handle large vessels
  2. Transhipment ports - dubai, colombo, singapore
  3. Regulatory cholestrol- customs operations, inspections, scrutiny
  4. High pre berthing time because of lack of infra
  5. Poor rail, road connectivity - cargo evacuation
  6. Poor mechanisation and manual handling of critical process
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8
Q

Major port authorities act 2021

A
  1. Provide autonomy to major ports. Land Lord port model from existing service model . Ownership remains at the port Authority but infra leased to pvt
  2. Board of Major PORT AUTHORITY will replace the PORT TRUST ( including representative of states, govt nominee, employee representative)
  3. Commitee appointed by the board will fix reference rates ( replace TAMP)
  4. Adjudicatory board
  5. CSR for creating social infra

Issue
1. Centre state issues - regarding land use and town planning ( state laws will not apply here
2. States town plan might clash with MPA plan
3. Fear of corporatisation ( stigmatised capitalism )
4. Protests from local communities

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9
Q

Wf for India’s ports

A

Niti ayog - strategy for new india @75

  1. Opening up dredging market
  2. Expediate sagarmala- port modernisation, port connectivity, coastal economic zones, coastal community development
  3. Complete transhipment on time - vallarpadam, vizhinjam
  4. Enhance connectivity- multi modal port development
  5. Use of technology
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10
Q

Benefits of inland water ways

A
  1. Low cost - natural track, no construction cost. Also per litere petrol more tonnes per km in waterways
  2. Lower emissions
  3. Huge land required for other
  4. No displacement of people
  5. Industrial corridors along waterway- regional development
  6. tourism - cruise tourism ( ganga Vilas cruise ) , Kerala backwater - NW3
  7. Address the traffic congestion in roads , rail etc
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11
Q

Concerns regarding inland water ways

A
  1. Biodiversity - nw1 - affected echolocation of gangetic dolphin
  2. Constant inflow of silt - need constant dredging
  3. Rights of States ( jurisdictional issue) , local community ( change in water use )
  4. Climate change - drought vs flood.
  5. Infra - jetties, terminals, navigation channels
    - shortage of night navigation infrastructure
  6. Shortage of IWT VESSELS and MRO
  7. Lack of multimodal connectivity in india
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12
Q

Steps taken for inland water ways

A
  1. Jal marg vikas project along with world Bank
  2. Central road fund - includes waterways
  3. Launched roro- goghra-dahej project in Gujarat
  4. MARITIME VISION 2030- port expansion, improve port governance
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13
Q

Inland vessels act 2021

A

Bring all inland waterways and movement of vessels on them under a central regulatory regime- IWAI

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14
Q

Major causes of road accidents

A
  1. Infrastructural
    - design and engineering- blind spots
    - adequate signage
    - poor maintainance
  2. Behavioural
    Lancet study - alcohol, low restraint systems like seatbelts, overspeeding
  3. Automobiles
    Safety standards, vehicle alteration, mechanical defects
  4. Govt
    Corruption, poor enforcement, ambulance service
  5. Inclement weather
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15
Q

Challenges faced by India’s road sector

A
  1. Last mile connectivity
  2. Congestion in urban centers - tomtom study 2020
  3. Annul outlay for maintaince of highway is 40% of estimated requirement
  4. Road dseign and quality - recent Himachal rain, even new roads washed away
  5. WRS - india 3rd in road accidents
  6. Land acquisition cost
  7. WB report on presence of fraudulent and corrupt practices by indian contractors

Wf

  1. Ppp- stronger and flexible concessional agreements
  2. Road safety
  3. NIP
  4. ROLE of regulators - light touch regulation with maturity

Road reader prog of Bangalore

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16
Q

Rakesh Mohan commitee recommendations on roads

A
  1. Not in isolation but part of MMT
  2. ROAD user satisfaction surveys
  3. Continuous upgradation of technology in auto industry
  4. Private sector financing should remain confined to commercially viable and high traffic density stretches
17
Q

Why operating ratio of Indian railways > 95%

A
  1. Rakesh mohan commitee - Underinvestment, misallocation of scarce resources, poor customer service, increasing debt
  2. Congested if capacity utilization >80%
  3. irrational cross subsidization passenger vs freight
  4. Safety- 48 train accidents in 2022-23
  5. 8th largest employer - high revenue expenditure
18
Q

Should railways go for ppp

A
  1. Envisages 50 lakh crore by 2030. Govt alone not enough
  2. Technology - rolling stock, lhb coaches , station facilities etc
  3. Share of gross revenue and haulage charges
  4. Maintanence cost
  5. 13% customers do not get confirmed tickets during peak season
  6. pvt trains will be manufactured in India
  7. World class travel experience
19
Q

No. India shouldn’t go for privatisation

A
  1. Artificially low passenger fare. Cannot breakeven
  2. Pvt reluctant to operate in certain routes
  3. Fixing responsibility in case of accidents
  4. vulnerable section - reservation in employment, seat reservation for pwd
  5. No independent regulator ( bibek debroy)

Case study of Singapore
Hyderabad metro model
expediate - rail dev authority

Bibek debroy - corporatization of core function

20
Q

Rail accidents reason

A
  1. Infrastructure deficits - poor maintenance, aging, vandalism, natural disasters

Write RAJESH MOHAN COMMITTEE

  1. Error of railway staff caused 55% accidents b/w 17-18 and 21-22
    ( commission of railway safety)

Wrong signalling, miscommunication, over speeding, overlooking defects

  1. Signalling failure - technical glitches, power outages, human errors
  2. Unmanned level crossing
21
Q

Steps taken by railway to reduce accidents

A
  1. Rashtriya rail sanrakshana kosh- for critical safety related work like track renewal
  2. Technology upgradation - kavach system , modified center buffer couplers etc
  3. LHB DESIGN coaches
  4. GPS based fog pass device
  5. Ultrasonic flaw detection to detect and remove faulty rails
22
Q

Wf to reduce railway accidents

A
  1. Vinod RAI commitee
    - Establishing an independent Railway Safety Authority with statutory
    - Setting up a Railway Accident Investigation Board to conduct independent and impartial inquiries.
    - Creating a separate Railway Infrastructure Company to own and maintain railway assets
    - Introducing a performance-linked incentive scheme for railway employee
  2. Establish a confidential incident reporting and analysis system - encourages lower level staff to report deviations in real time while maintaining confidentiality
23
Q

Importance of freight corridors

A
  1. Delay in freight
  2. Congested network
  3. ~ 24 km / hr inspite of mission raftaar ( CAG report )
  4. Industrial corridors and logistics park
24
Q

Reasons for India’s coal crisis

A
  1. Demand supply mismatch - 2001 to 2022 installed capacity of COAL BASED TPP increased by 300%
  2. Increased demand from non power sectors - cement, steel etc
  3. Outdated tech - rat hole mining
  4. Low qulaity- high ash content
  5. Lack of participation in auctions - coal not seen as energy of future
25
Q

General question as to why should india focus on re

A
  1. Sustainability
  2. Energy independence
  3. Job - IRENA 11 mn people in 2018
  4. Innovation
    Ex: scientists are working on solar paint, solar car
  5. Green hydrogen can decarbonise sectors like shipping
26
Q

For any question of PPP - issues

A
  1. Contract enforcement
    - no scope for ex- ante renegotiation when faced with difficulties
    - operational issues like land acquisition . Ex: Delhi Gurgaon expressway
  2. Lack of proper planning and analysis
    - reckless bidding
    - no research, over dependence on market wisdom- ex: while bidding for ultra mega power project not considering possibility of future price rise of fuel
    - neglecting the principal of allocating risk to the entity that can best manage it
    - o& m risk on pvt player - ex: improper revenue estimation of Vadodara halol toll project

3, allegations of crony capitalism and nepotism
4. Ppp infra accounts for 1/3rd of npa
5. No incentive for efficiency- simply charge the user more
6. No performance or service audit

27
Q

Advantages of ppp

A
  1. Encourage private fund mobilisation- huge investment requirement to make India developed by 2047
  2. Expertise - efficiency and innovation
  3. Risk sharing
  4. Revenue sharing
  5. Competition - best pricing
  6. Modern technology
  7. Speed up stalled project due to lack of fund
  8. Frees up fund to invest in social infra - school, health
28
Q

Vijay Kelkar commitee on ppp, and other wf

A
  1. Case based risk allocation
  2. No Swiss challenge
  3. Ppp project review commitee
  4. Ppp adjudication tribunal
  5. Pca amended to save genuine

Others
1. Amritsar intercity bus terminal ppp- notice to pick and drop
2. Triple bottom - fes
3 . Empowered committee for land acquisition

Es 2015
- financing structure must attract pension and insurance fund
- combine construction and maintainence responsibilities
- more flexible and adaptive approach to ppp

29
Q

Issues plaguing power sector

A
  1. Coal india limited - 65% of coal
  2. At&c = 19%. Developed countries= 6 to 11%
  3. Discoms weakest link. Huge outstanding debts. Customer don’t pay on time, populist cross subsidies
  4. Outdated power plants
  5. inter state disputes - prevent inter state transmission of excess electrcity
  6. Acs -arr = 0.25 per unit
Wf
1. Clear dues
2  billing and collection efficiency - atc loss
3. Infra dev
4. Prepaid smart metering
5. Higher pvt participation
6. Depoliticize discoms 
7. A low cost robust solar panel manufacturing will lead to lower cost of power for DISCOMS

Budget
1. Reform linked result based scheme

Gs3 (7 decks)

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